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The latest Crossdreamer and Transgender posts from XD Express

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XD Express is my tumblr blog for quick and targeted posts about crossdreaming and transgender issues. I have also found myself using it as some kind of rapid deployment blog for the defense of harassed girlfags.

Comic by Humon presenting the
love life of bonobos.
From the blog post on transgender animals.
Click on image to enlarge!
There is a lot of aggression on tumblr, where some transgender people spend more time on hurting each other than fighting their real opponents out there. Which is a shame.

But this is what societies based on fear of gender ambiguity do to people. We all try to find a dry spot of normalcy in a big sea of social exclusion, and if that means drowning other trans people in the process, so be it!

The real trick is to help the people find themselves, without adding fuel to the fire.

Here are recent some posts that might be of interest:

How to Effectively Invalidate Marginalized People!
I present the the concept of "Master Suppression Techniques", which are used all the time in order to invalidate crossdreamers, girlfags and transsexuals.

Transgender animals  
I present some wonderful comics which illustrate the diversity of sex and gender in the animal kingdom. They prove that our normal concepts of "natural" and "unnatural" are very narrow, indeed!
Some transgender bloggers have developed cisphobia, an intense hatred of non-transgender people. Some may think "cissie" is a good pun on "sissy". I think it is horrible!

Dear Truscum: This is What the Word Transgender Actually Means.
Unlike the previous generation of transsexual separatists, who hated the word "transgender", the new one tries to appropriate it. I wrote this blog post as a possible reference point for future discussion. I prove that you do not have to suffer from gender dysphoria to call yourself transgender.


Is Gender Really Nothing More Than a Performance?
Reflections of Julia Serano's response to  post-structuralists reducing everything gender to language and performance.

Yes, there may be such a thing as an inborn sex identity!
A short reminder to those that think that sex and gender is nothing but culture. I am pretty much convinced it is the end result of an interaction between nature and nurture, and that the nature/nurture divide maybe was a mistake in the first place.

Do you know what a girlfag is? Really?
Girlfags, and in particular female to male crossdreamers, have been under intense attack on tumblr. The usual refrain is that they are nothing but fetishists. 

See also these blog posts: On the girlfag and guydyke issueGirfags, crossdreamers and trans men and Stop the Harassment of Girlfags!
    Memes and illustrations

    Tumblr is a very different platform and community from Blogger. The most efficient way of communicating is by pictures and short "memes". I have published a few of my own over there:
    Click on image to enlarge!





    As for the Crossdreamer blog: Don't worry! I am not going to abandon it. I will continue to publish longer and more extensive analyses at this blog.

    A Creative Transgender Vocabulary - from Butch to Woodworking

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    Photo by Jayfish, Thinkstock
    Here is the final post in my Crossdreamer Vocabulary. In this post I include the remaining letters of the alphabet (W and beyond) as well as entries that have been suggested by others (and me) since the first post.

    Remember that these entries are not so much dictionary definitions as mini blog posts on topics of relevance to crossdreamers and transgender people.

    Butch

    A butch is a lesbian woman who expresses a strong masculine identity.Her masculinity is real, and her butch appearance is her way of expressing that identity.

    In spite of what many people believe, she is not necessarily  imitating men, although she will often make use of clothing of symbols associated with male masculinity. She may also express some of the personality traits associated with men. Many butches will, for instance, stress the role of being their lover's protector.

    Butches may often hook up with more feminine "femme" lesbians, but butch/butch relationships are not unheard of. If you are searching for simple models of sex and gender, this is not the place to look.

    Photo by Scott Griessel, Thinkstock
    The reason crossdreamers should study the loves of butches is found in the similarity between some female to male crossdreamers and lesbian butches. Some (but in no way all) FTM crossdreamers express a masculinity similar to the one of butches, the main difference being their sexual attraction to men as opposed to the lesbian desire for women. This tells me that sexual orientation is not the only way of approaching the mysteries of sex and gender.

    Note also the similarities between the butch/FTM trans man debate and the discussion of the relationship between crossdressers/crossdreamers and transsexuals on the other. There is no clear border between being butch and being a female to male trans man. Many trans men starts out as butches. In the same way many  trans women start out as crossdreamers. In spite of this, transsexuals and non-transsexual gender variant people spend a lot of time distancing themselves from the other group, most likely because they fear that the other group implicitly threaten their sex identity.

    Many butches crossdream, in the sense of getting aroused by taking on the traditional male role in seduction and love making. The art of "packing" strap-on dildos as part of the ritual tells me that this crossdreaming also includes the bodily aspect.

    Cultural dissonance

    My friend Natalie from Thailand suggested that I include the term "cultural dissonance" in the transgender vocabulary. She writes:

     "This one I feel refers to how many enlightened and educated transgender and other gender-variant folks and even homosexuals/bisexuals suddenly feel a sense of total alienation/isolation in the respective cultures they are brought up in after they learn about their condition either from internet or from other sources. 

    "Not because of the fact that they are different from the norm (which they anyways have felt forever) but because of the simple realization that their society is not aligned along the way they feel it should be to accommodate such a huge gender and sexual diversity, and also the awareness that such a massive change may not even take place for long unless a huge cultural war takes place soon.


    "I have been observing this trend among many MTFs, FTMs and even the non-dysphoric crossdreamers who sometimes say: 'I am more unhappy after being educated about the natural reality than I was when I was ignorant about everything. Because after I have known all this, what can I do to create the ideal society that is close to nature? My society is nowhere matured enough to deal with this!'"

    But we are working on it!

    Double Bind

    Crossdreamers are facing a lot of "double binds", (conflicting messages, in which one message negates the other). Here are some I have found when discussing this with  crossdreamers.

    1. Some  crossdreamers have no wish to be the opposite sex (relative to their birth sex). Still, their bodies and minds tell them that an important part of them is -- in one sense -- of the opposite sex. They find no language to express this conflict.

    2. Many MTF crossdreamers are attracted to men sexually, but they may fantasize about affirmed as a woman by a man in bed, all the same. In the same way FTM crossdreamers may be attracted to men, sexually, but they fall for  feminine or gay men, which gives them a role that is undefined in our societies.

    3. Crossdreamers most often fear the social stigma that is attached to being transgender/gender queer/gender variant. Nevertheless: they do understand that they are different in some way, and they may also realize their crossdreaming will not go away.

    4. Many crossdreamers experience crossdreaming as something positive and life affirming. The society around them, however, ridicule men who identify with women, as well as "mannish" women. They have faced a medical system that has done everything in its power to stigmatize them as mentally ill. It takes stamina and courage to defend your true self in the face of such an onslaught.

    Facing all these seemingly impossible dilemmas, some crossdreamers close off their sexual desire in desperation. "If I cannot have a sex life in harmony with what I feel, it is much better to feel nothing at all." For others the libido is channeled into depression or hyperactivity. Others live with the tensions between these seemingly irreconcilable opposites on a daily basis.


    Inner Closet 

    The term "inner closet" was coined by Jonathan Rauch in the book Denial, My 25 Years Without a Soul.  Rauch is a gay man, but the term also fits well with the experience of many transgender persons, whether they are transsexual or not.
    Cover of Rauch's book about living in denial.

    In the outer closet one is trying to maintain a false front to the world. In the inner closet, however, one is trying to fool oneself.

    Rauch  puts it this way:

    "In the inner closet, the delusion ensnares its weaver, at least to an extent. One tells oneself white lies and makes excuses to explain away the obvious. 'Not homosexual -- bisexual, maybe.' 'Just randy those nights and feeling lonely.' 'Just a phase.'"

    But there is even a third place, Rauch iargues, a closet beyond the inner closet called "the alien landscape of inversion".

    "In this place, it is a dead certainty that one is not homosexual; and instead of turning oneself upside-down to fool the world, one turn the world upside-down. This third zone, in which confusion and evasion are so pervasive as to create a self-contained world of rational lunacy, is all but impenetrable."

    Rauch compares this place to a photographic negative. Things are in proper proportions and relation to each other, and you can live in this world for a long time. But if you for some reason manage to see the positive -- your real nature -- the negative's unreal nature becomes painfully clear.

    Inner Gender 

    Natalie also suggested the term "inner gender" to accompany the terms gynephilic (loving women) and androphilic (loving men).

    She says:

    "The definition [of an androphilic, man-loving, or gynephilic, woman-loving, sexual orientation] should ideally pertain to the inner gender the person is attracted to rather than the outer physical sex. 

    "In case of transgendered people, it refers to their inner gender as much as for non-transgendered people. For transsexual people, this inner gender does not change but it is the outer sex that is changed to match this inner gender. So it is the inner gender that should always assume a greater significance.

    "This makes it also significant in non-transgender attractions because a masculine-man<->effeminate male sexuality is not same as masculine-male<->masculine-male sexuality. In various cultures including traditional Thai society, while the former is referred to as 'gay', the latter is accommodated silently within the mainstream 'straight' category without giving it any social marker or identification at all!"

    In other words: In some contexts and in some cultures people are able to see past the biological sex and affirm the inner identity of another person even if this identity is different from the one found in his or her passport.

    Masculinity and Femininity

    The terms of masculinity and femininity pose some serious problems for crossdreamers trying to understand themselves, not because there is no such things as masculinity and femininity --  there clearly are -- but because the concepts are so hard to pin down.
    Yin and yang. Illustration by
    nickylarson974, Thinkstock.

    The main problem is that the words are associated with biological sex. Masculine comes from Latin mas, a word meaning "male person", while feminine comes from femina, meaning female.

    This means that we immediately classify those traits, abilities and temperaments that are assigned to men in our culture as masculine, and those that are assigned to women as feminine. Such gender roles and expectations will, however, change from culture to culture as well as over time, which makes it impossible to give the terms a clear and precise meaning.

    Furthermore, the link to biological sex makes it hard to understand female masculinity and male femininity as something normal. Instead it becomes redefined as something abnormal and wrong -- something to be avoided. Hence maxims like "boys don't cry" and "women do not ride motorcycles", even if we all know that most men are born to cry and women can be excellent bikers.

    I wish we had words for femininity and masculinity that were gender neutral and unbiased as regards worth and value. Maybe the Asian concepts of yin and yang comes closer to what we need, as the two phenomena are understood as complementary and equally important. Moreover yin contains a bit of yang, and yang contains a bit of yin, telling us that these are not absolute categories.

    The fluidity of the concepts of masculine and feminine have made some post-modern philosopher conclude that they are nothing but a social construction forcing people to perform according to gender normative scripts of behavior. A butch is not really masculine. She only plays the role of a man. Everything would be much easier, if that was true. But the deep-felt masculine identity of butches and the gender dysphoria of many trans people tells me that this goes far deeper than mere role playing. In other words, there is something deeper that instills some (but not all) to make use of culturally defined gender symbols to express their inner selves.

    M/M 

    M/M romance fiction is a sub-genre of so-called slash fiction (hence the / in Male Slash Male). Slash fiction was originally understood as fan fiction about same-sex relationships between known characters from books and movies. M/M romance novels, on the other hand, are erotic stories about original male characters written by women for women. The novels are now being sold by regular publishers in large quantities.
    M/M romance by Running Press

    An interview with female M/M authors done by OUT indicates that some of them are gender variant themselves -- if not transsexual, at least gender bending girlfags.

    One of them puts it this way:

    "For a long time, I thought I was transgender [from the context it is clear that she means transsexual]. I thought I literally was a gay man trapped in a woman's body. Now I'm just confused. I don't really identify with either gender. But it's taken me 40 years to get to this point."

    It seems to me that both authors and readers are crossdreamers in the sense that they find these gay male sex fantasies arousing. Implicitly they identify with one of the male characters. 

    A parallel to M/M erotica is found in the yaoi comic culture, with gay male erotic stories written by women for women.

    It is also interesting to see that also lesbians may make use of gay male porn as a stimulant, which tells me that this type of fascination is not a product of a specific sexual orientation.

    Whiplash*

    Whiplash is the feeling of exhaustion, sadness and shame that may follow after a strong surge that is accompanied by an orgasm. This release of pent up crossdreaming may lead to a kind of emotional vacuum  some crossdreamers think resembles normalcy.
    (Hat tip to Sean)


    Woodworking

    There are crossdreamers who transition and who are never seen again. They might have been active participants in online transgender forums, but as soon as they have become their target sex in the eyes of the world they leave the transgender community. They have a lot of catching up to do, so it is hard to blame them for this. They should be allowed to go on with their lives. Still, I wish more of them visited us once in a while and shared some of their life experience.

    I suspect that some woodworking is caused by the fact that the surrounding society either resent  transsexuals, or it insists that they should blend in, never to challenge the given gender roles again.

    Words that do not belong in a crossdreamer vocabulary


    Autoandrophilia

    This is a quasi-scientific term used to describe female to male crossdreamers. Dr. Ray Blanchard actually suggested that the term should be included in the latest edition of the American Psychiatric manual as a paraphilia comparable to "autogynephilia" for male to female crossdreamers. It later turned out he did this in order to placate angry feminists. He does not really believe female to male crossdreamers exist.

    This argument was so bizarre that the proposal was dismissed. The millions of female to male crossdreamers out there may now sleep soundly knowing that they are not perverts in the eyes of American psychiatry. They may find the "fact" that they do not actually exist a bit harder to digest, though.

    Autogynephilia

    These days many male to female crossdreamers discover that they are not alone by reading about Dr. Ray Blanchard's autogynephilia theory. Blanchard does, indeed, describe male to female crossdreamers, and some crossdreamers therefore mistakenly believe that this is a neutral, descriptive, scientific term for who they are. It is not.

    The word itself (love of oneself as a woman) does in fact include a deeply sexist and misleading understanding of what crossdreaming is. Moreover, the theory has been thoroughly debunked. The term should therefore only be used to describe the theory, and never as a term for crossdreamers.

    Homophobia

    "I may be a crossdresser, but at least I am not gay!" From time to time I hear statements like this one, and I find them utterly bewildering.  I guess this points to some kind of underlying hierarchy of sexual offenses, and men having sex with men is the biggest no no.

    This homophobia may be strengthened by same-sex feelings among male to female crossdreamers. Many of them do actually fantasize about having sex with a man, as a woman. The more I learn about crossdreaming, the clearer it becomes that our binary understanding of sexual orientation is completely inadequate.

    Transphobia

    Many crossdreamers are transphobic, in the sense that they express strong negative feelings about transgender and transsexual people.  This may come as a surprise to outsiders, as it is pretty clear that crossdreamers  themselves are transgender (in the wide sense of being gender variant). Some are even transsexual.

    The explanation for this paradox is found is normally found in their upbringing and social conditioning. They have been brought up to believe trans equals perversion. Now they try to dismiss any doubts about their own sexuality and identity by dismissing all those who may undermine their self image.

    From MTF Crossdreamer to Transsexual Woman

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    Those who have followed this blog post for a while, know that I believe that there is a wide variety of crossdreamers, some of them transsexual, some of them not. Most (?) crossdreamers and crossdressers
    Photo: fatchoi/iStock
    do not feel the kind of deep misalignment between body and sex identity that transsexual men and women experience. But some do, and we can all learn something from them.

    Heather made some comments about her crossdreaming here at this blog some two years ago. Now she is back as the woman she has always been. She has given me permission to publish her new comments as a blog post. The headlines are mine.

    Jack

    Guest post by Heather Roslyn

    I have been thinking that perhaps I should come back and post a follow-up here as it has been some time since I originally posted my story on this thread July 3rd 2012. A great deal has happened in my life since then.

    The AGP/Crossdreamer descriptions were something of a stepping stone for me, a language of self-discovery that helped me come to terms with who I am and have always been.

    Beyond repression

    After a lifetime of hiding, I finally came to terms with the truth that I had been transgender all my life, repressing it for years with what can only be described as unbearable guilt and self-loathing.

    In the months following my original posts here I began gender therapy for the first time in my late fifties. Despite the fear and resignation I expressed in my earlier posts, it gradually became clear that I could not go on repressing my true feelings. After once again nearly taking my life one day, I finally concluded that I would have to transition to female to survive.


    In the beginning, I was terrified of transition. I expected I would lose my career, my home, everything I held dear, end up on the street, and probably still die. But despite that pessimistic expectation, I could simply see no other choice but to go forward with transition.
    Heather's avatar


    Becoming who you are

    I am delighted to report that transition has not been anything like that; I am thrilled with my life now that I am living authentically as the female I have always been inside. I only wish I had been able to find my way here years ago.

    In the final months of 2012 I began HRT [hormone replacement therapy], began losing weight, began electrolysis, began collecting a wardrobe (once again), came out to my family, began working on voice training, and began to learn makeup.

    I started living openly female everywhere but work early in 2013. In mid-2013 I began the long complex process of legally changing my identity to a new name and gender, and came out at work full time in the fall. I chose a new name and left Heather as a pre-transition pseudonym which I will probably still use for some of my writing.

    I lost a great deal of weight with a much healthier diet, and began more regular exercise habits. I suddenly had a profound desire to live my life. My health is now better than it has been in decades. I was able to get rhinoplasty [nose surgery], and after nearly a year and a half of hormones I am now actually able to see a female-self emerging from the façade I’ve hidden in, and been trapped by, all my life.

    I am also now working on raising the funds to get SRS and breast implants, hopefully late in 2014 or early 2015. Transition has also been like a second puberty for me, arousing profound heterosexual feelings of attraction to men.

    Giving others options

    I am posting this comment, a very brief summary of a much longer and much more complex story (which I’ve written more about elsewhere), in order to explain to those like myself who begin discovering themselves here, that I now realize I have always been a transsexual in denial.

    I’ve now begun to think of my childhood in terms of “when I was a little girl,” despite that I was deeply in denial and hiding for all those years. I can look back now with hindsight and acknowledge the countless times I knew in my heart that I felt female but couldn’t find a language to express it, or even admit it to myself.

    Life after transition

    I am delighted to report to you that there is life after transition! I have never been happier with myself or my life. To tell you the truth, passing at my age isn’t perfect, strangers often know I am transgender, but I am largely accepted as a woman, or at least a trans woman, without any issues.

    I have truly not had one bad experience with people mistreating me in the ways I imagined I would experience. I’ve transitioned very publicly to hundreds of people -- friends, family, customers, and co-workers -- and have received hundreds of heart-warming expressions of encouragement and congratulations from many of these people. I have lost some “friends,” and gained many new true friends.

    The hardest experience has been the difficulty my adult children are still having with all of this. I believe they will ultimately come to accept me, and get to know me all over again. I know that the alternative wouldn’t have been any easier on them.

    Not all crossdreamers are transsexual

    Please understand, I am not saying that everyone who identifies with the AGP/Crossdreamer profile is a transsexual who has been in denial all their life like I have been. What I am saying is that for many of us in my generation, denial and repression became a survival skill.

    Fortunately young transgender people today are finding it much easier to begin living authentically at a much younger age as our society gradually learns to accept transgender people. It is my fond hope that future generations will never have to suffer as so many of us have for so long.
    Janet Mock


    I would hope that if others come to the crossroads in their life that I did, they would not be as terrified of transition as I was. I am also not saying that transition is simple, but if it is the authentic path for your life, as it clearly is for mine, transition is more than possible, your new life can be wonderful!

    Finally, I want to emphatically encourage everyone with any interest in these issues to read Janet Mock’s new book Redefining Realness, released February 4th, 2014, and reaching 19 on the NY Times Best Seller list in the first week. 

    She is a heroic figure that should encourage transgender people everywhere to live authentic lives, and challenge society to finally begin to understand us, accept us, and welcome us into the human family. 

    Transgender people are exactly who they say they are!

    New Study Dismisses the Autogynephilia Approach to Transgender

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    Are there really two types of transgender people, or are there only different blends of characters and personality traits? This may seem like a purely academic question, but the answer has actually strong repercussions for how people look at both crossdreamers and transsexuals.
    Different but the same
    Illustration photo by Tomwang112/thinkstock.

    In a new paper, Dr. Jaimie F. Veale, brings new evidence that the various shades of male to female transgender are indeed variants of something related, and not two distinct categories.

    The two types of trans women

    One common idea regarding male bodied transgender people (including transsexual women) is that there are two distinct types.

    Since most of this research is on transsexual women the types are often referred to as late onset and early onset, referring to when they used to go to the heath system to get help transitioning.

    Both health personnel and researchers noticed early on that the ones transitioning late in life where more likely to be sexually attracted to women, while the early onset were more likely to be attracted to men.

    Since all healthy women were supposed to be attracted to men, the early onset ones soon became the model for the perfect transsexual woman. Indeed, as some transsexual women scrambled to get access to the group of real women, the two categories became more than practical descriptive categories used to discuss the different variations of transgender. Now they were referring to tow distinct phenomena, with completely different causes, an A team and a B team.

    Are the differences categorical or dimensional?

    In her new paper on Dr. Ray Blanchard's variant of the two type typology, Dr. Jaimie F. Veale refers to this as the difference between what she calls categorical constructs (as in the difference between cats and dogs) and dimensional constructs  (as in the difference between black and white cats). A categorical difference is one of either/or, while a dimensional difference refers to a continuum.



    Is the difference between early onset and late onset transsexual women a difference that exists only in our heads -- a practical concept used to group people of one very diverse population? Or is it an absolute difference that is found out there?

    If it is categorical  it should be achievable to develop a test  to determine whether a person belongs to one or the other of  these two completely distinct populations.

    Blanchard's two types

    Blanchard believes that his types refer to be a difference of the categorical  kind. To him the difference between the two groups is determined on the basis of sexual orientation, and sexual orientation only.

    In his universe gay men are fundamentally feminine, and the "homosexual transsexual" (as he calls the androphilic, man-loving, transexual woman) even more so. An early onset transsexual woman is therefore a kind of hyper-effeminate gay sissy (He actually uses the word sissy!).

    The late onset group is defined as being "non-homosexual".  He seems to believe that bisexual and heterosexual men all belong to the same group sexual orientation wise.  Since non-homosexual men cannot be feminine in his universe, their condition is explained as a "paraphilia" and "an erotic target location error." These men (Blanchard does not accept that trans women are women) are actually having the hots for their own inner imaginary female.  Blanchard calls this condition "autogynephilia", meaning "in love with oneself as a woman."

    As one can see, this means that the two groups of androphilic and autogynephilic trans women have little in common, except from the belief that they are women.

    Using Blanchard against Blanchard

    Both Blanchard and Veale belongs to a scientific tradition that believes that one can settle such controversies by using the scientific methods of natural science. Veale therefore uses the same methods and the same categories as Blanchard in her analysis.
    Dr. Jaimie Veale


    This is a tricky tactic. Anyone who has read Blanchard critically will soon see that his results are very much determined by his model and not by the observed facts.  In other words: By accepting Blanchard's premise, you might easily end up replicating his findings, even if the model is wrong.

    Veale is aware of the problem, though, and seems to navigate skillfully around the most rocky reefs. The advantage of using the same methodology as Blanchard, is that it becomes much harder for him and his supporters to dismiss her research as unscientific.

    Arguing for a continuum

    Veale has already in earlier research made her position clear. She does not believe we are dealing with two distinct categories. She believes that what we see are variations of the same underlying phenomena.

    This does not mean that she denies that there are differences between the two groups. Her new study confirms that there are clear patterns here, but she believes that these differences can be explained by the way androphilic and gynephilic (woman-loving) trans women are treated by the world around them and by other psychological factors.

    The present paper is based on a sample of 308 respondents filling in an online questionnaire. The study aims at testing the solidity of Blanchard's research, and in particular the idea that there are two distinct groups of transsexual women.

    But how do you do this?

    It is not as hard as one may think. As long as you believe there is a categorical difference (cp. cats and dogs) instead of a dimensional difference (Siamese and Persian breeds of cats), you need to prove that there are dimensions where the two categories do not overlap. Cats and dogs have fur, four paws and a liking for meat, but they cannot interbreed, they are evolutionary far apart and behave differently along a large number of dimensions.

    Blanchard has tried prove that there are such differences between the "autogynephiles" and the "homosexual transsexual". If the two groups overlap along these dimensions, his theory has been falsified.

    Some of you might argue that this has been done already, and repeatedly, and you will be right. But this is not a theory that will die easily, probably because it fits well with common prejudices about sex and gender.

    Veale also uses statistical methods (which I am not going to describe here) to determine if it is statistically likely that the distributions of responses to the scales on the questionnaire are due to there being distinct groups.

    The four scales of Veale's

    Veale is testing Blanchard's theory by using  four scales:
    • Attraction to feminine features in males (which is a dimension Blanchard has not taken into consideration)
    • Attraction to transgender fiction (like in tales about crossdressing, male to female bodyswap and magical sex changes)
    • Core Autogynephilia Scale (a scale developed by Blanchard to determine "autogynephilia". It is suppose to measure sexual attraction to the fantasy of being a woman)
    • Autogynephilic Interpersonal Fantasy Scale (attraction to being admired by another person as a woman)
    • Sex Linked Behaviors Questionnaire (a test developed by McConaghy to determine sexual orientation)
    Main finding

    Veale is using a large number of different methods to interpret her data, but regardless of what she does to them, she is not able to replicate Blanchard's finding of the two types of transsexual women being like cats and dogs. What she finds is different flavors of cat. In scienteese this is written out like this:

    "Blanchard’s (1989) typological theory proposed two distinct etiological pathways of MF transsexualism based on sexuality, which should manifest in a taxonic latent structure of MF transsexuals’ sexuality, especially in measures related to this theory. This study’s finding of evidence for a dimensional latent structure is inconsistent with Blanchard’s theory."

    Veale refers to other studies as well as her own, and conclude that there is no one to one relationship between sexual orientation and "autogynephilic" fantasies and/or "transvestic fetishism". Indeed, even Blanchard's own numbers shows that a small, but significant, number of androphilic trans women report such fantasies.

    Veale's study confirms that gynephilic trans women  are more likely that androphilic trans women  to report such fantasies, though:

    "In accordance with previous research (Blanchard, 1989; Freundet al., 1982; Johnson&Hunt, 1990; Nuttbrocketal.,2011a; Smithet al.,2005), androphilic MF transsexuals scored significantly lower than nonandrophilics on Core Autogynephilia.This difference was also seen for the Attraction to Transgender Fiction and Attraction to Feminine Males scales, which was expected given that these are measuring phenomena closely relating to autogynephilia. Veale et al. (2008) reported similar findings using this sample with groups based on cluster analysis."

    Still, the fact remains, that  androphilic trans women who according to theory should not report "autogynephilic fantasies" do so. This should be enough to sink the autogynephilia theory. In addition Veale documents that there is nothing in the data that suggest that suggest that the patterns seen reflect an underlying "essential" difference between the two types.

    A more nuanced understanding of sexual orientation

    Veale is expanding upon previous research. This time she has done an interesting study aimed at expanding our understanding of the differences between the groups. 

    In one virtual experiment she pretends that Blanchard's theory is true. In a simulation she stipulates that the two groups are essentially unrelated, as Blanchard believes. She then looks at to what extent the presumed "autogynephilic" group can be attracted to men. This is basically why she has included the "attracted to feminine men" dimension in the analysis, a phenomenon Blanchard has not looked at.

    What she finds is that the non-androphilic trans women (the autogynephiles according to Blanchard) is much more attracted to feminine males than Blanchard allows for. According to Blanchard autogynephiles should show zero interest in men. But many of them do, and this time it is not about the faceless props Blanchard and his supporters refer to when explaining away "autogynephilic" fantasies about having sex with men.

    This reminds me of all the discussions I have had with female to male crossdreamers, where the majority also reports an attraction to feminine looking men (see my discussions with Rayka)

    I am also reminded of Natalie's contribution to my Crossdreamer Vocabulary where she underlines the difference between an outer and inner gender. Being attracted to a man with a feminine inner gender is different from being attracted to a man with a masculine inner gender, Natalie argues. 

    Furthermore, I am reminded of studies of lesbian love, and especially butch/femme relationships, where femmes are attracted to the  masculine sexuality of women, but not to masculine men. 

    Veale relates her finding  to "the observation that MF [male to female] transsexuals sometimes report attractions to other MF transsexuals and will often partner with them", interpreting this as another sign of diversity and variance that go beyond the traditional heterosexual/homosexual dichotomy.

    Recent discussions over at Crossdream Life also confirms that there are many male to female gynephilic (woman-loving) crossdreamers who gradually develop (or reveal) an attraction to men. This especially applies to some of those who transition.

    Basically, what these observations tell us is that the modern idea of heterosexuality and homosexuality being absolute opposites of each other is misleading. Instead we see different blends of attraction to masculine/feminine  features (morphology) or masculine/feminine personality traits in both men and women. Such an understanding would explain why so many pre-modern cultures do not distinguish between attraction to men or women, but instead focus on the difference between being the active or receptive partner when having sex. 

    The purified  heterosexual/homosexual dichotomy is one that only exists in our minds. The reality out there is much more complex, and that complexity cannot be harmonized with Blanchard's two type model.

    Transgender fiction

    Veale also notes that what really keeps the two groups apart is their interest in transgender fiction and not their autogynephilia. 

    She writes:

    "It is also notable that the Attraction to Transgender Fiction scale had greater ability to separate potential taxa in the MAXCOV analysis than the Core Autogynephilia scale. This finding suggests that what differentiates sexuality in MF transsexuals most may not be 'core autogynephilia', but rather attraction to themes found in transgender fiction."

    My own take on this is very simple: Androphilic trans women are more likely to have their sexuality affirmed than gynephilic trans women even before transitioning, for the simple reason that they can choose to have a "gay male" sex life (even if they are neither gay nor male at heart).

    The gynephilic ones fall in love with women and feel therefore obligated to live up to the role of the aggressive man in bed, most often failing miserably in the process. The attraction of sexual fantasies where you get a body and a role that fits your inner identity therefore becomes much more important. This is where you explore your sexuality: In your dreams.

    Veale provides no explanation for this in this paper.

    No differences in desire to be attractive

    Veale notes that "Another notable finding is that androphilic and nonandrophilic MF transsexuals did not differ in Autogynephilic Interpersonal Fantasy."

    That is: The need to be seen and admired as a woman is the same in all groups. I suspect you would find the same if you asked women assigned women at birth. Most women like feeling sexy, and be affirmed as being attractive. That is only natural.

    Veale's take on transgender diversity

    Veale's explanation of the diversity of transgender lives is very much in line with the one I have presented here in this blog:

    She writes:

    "More recent theories that explain this sexuality diversity of transsexuals and other people with gender-variant identities using social and psychological factors do not rely on a typological distinction. Nuttbrock et al. (2011a) found that transvestic fetishism, a component of autogynephilia, was positively related to age and White ethnicity. They argued that expression of a gender-variant identity in older and White people tends to be more secretive and therefore experienced as exotic and associated with physiological and emotional arousal, leading to the sexual arousal component. 

    "In a follow-up article, Nuttbrock, Bockting, Rosenblum, Mason, and Hwahng (2011b) found evidence that secretive cross-dressing partially mediated the relationship between transvestic fetishism and both age and ethnicity. 

    "Veale, Lomax, and Clarke (2010c) independently proposed a similar theory to account for autogynephilia. As well as these social factors, their Identity-Defense Theory proposed that personality factors and coping style/defense mechanism use may also account for some of this difference."

    According to the Identity-Defense Theory some transsexual children are more likely to repress their gender identity than others, which at least partly explain the difference between early and late onset.  Veale notes elsewhere that introvert gender variant kids are more likely to try to follow the gender behavior expected by their parents, as introverts are more likely to be people pleasers. Indeed, Veale goes as far as indicating that this may also influence their sexual orientation: A repression of gender variance may go hand in hand with a repression of same-sex attraction.

    In other words: You may perfectly well divide a group transgender male bodied persons and transsexual women into two parts based on sexual orientation or early/late onset. Doing so will reveal some interesting patterns, some of them being related to sexual arousal associated with imagining oneself as a woman, others related to varying enthusiasm for transgender erotica. 

    But none of these differences are mutually exclusive. There are androphilic crossdreamers, as well as gynephilic trans women who find little fascination in transgender erotica. This means that there must be other factors than sexual orientation that explain why two such groupings appear. Veale argues that these differences are caused by different social contexts and not by sexual orientation.

    Please note that Veale's doctoral thesis is based on a much larger sample of respondents that this paper. That thesis come to the same conclusion as this paper. The autogynephilia theory has no basis in facts.

    Jaimie F. Veale: "Evidence Against a Typology: A Taxometric Analysis of the
    Sexuality of Male-to-Female Transsexuals" Arch Sex Behav March 2014 ref DOI 10.1007/s10508-014-0275-5


    Related blog posts:

    Jaimie Veale's study of gender variant people throw new light upon crossdreamers
    What explains the difference between the two types of MTF transgender?
    The Massey University Study of Transgender People
    On Moser's critique of Blanchard's autogynephilia theory
    Julia Serano on the concept of autogynephilia


    The Official Abstract of Veale's Paper

    "Previous theories and research have suggested there are two distinct types of male-to-female (MF) transsexuals and these types can be distinguished by their sexuality.

    Using the scales Attraction to Femininity in Males, Core Autogynephilia, Autogynephilic Interpersonal Fanasy, and Attraction to Transgender Fiction as indicator variables, taxometric analysis was applied to an online-recruited sample of 308 MF transsexuals to investigate whether such a distinction is justified. 

    In accordance with previous research findings, MF transsexuals categorized as ‘‘nonandrophilic’’ scored significantly higher on Core Autogynephilia than did those categorized as ‘‘androphilic’’; they also scored significantly higher on Attraction to Femininity in Males and Attraction to Transgender Fiction. 

    Results of one of the taxometric procedures, LMode, gave slightly more support for a dimensional, rather than taxonic (two-type), latent structure. Results of the two other taxometric procedures, MAMBAC and MAXCOV, showed greater support for a dimensional latent structure. Although these results require replication with a more representative sample, they show little support for a taxonomy, which contradicts previous theory that has suggested MF transsexuals’ sexuality is typological."


    What the DSM-5 says about terms like transgender, transsexual and gender dysphoria

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    The recent edition of the American psychiatric manual, the DSM-5 distinguishes clearly between the broader umbrella term transgender and the much narrower term transsexual. The text gives, in fact, a pretty good summary of the dominant model of gender variance. It is time transgender people get a chance to read it.

    In the transgender debate words like "transgender", "transsexual" and "gender dysphoria" are used often without there being any clear, common understanding of what the terms really mean.
    Photo: Janka Dharmasena

    Unfortunately sex and gender is one of the most controversial topics around. We need love to thrive and be happy, and any real or perceived threat against the possibility of finding real love and affirmation as a sexual being can therefore be life threatening.

    Because of this people seem to be willing to do anything to be included in the category of "normal", to the point of excluding other  people from the transgender community, often by attempting to  take full control over the meaning of essential words.

    The purification of the term transgender

    This especially applies to so-called transsexual separatists. Some of them redefine the word "transgender" to mean any gender variant person who is not like them ("classic transsexuals" and the HBS tribe). Transgender people can therefore not be "real transsexual women", as they see it.

    Lately we have also seen separatists who want to appropriate the word "transgender", in effect redefining it to mean the same as the word "transsexual" (the truscum tribe). The end result is the same: The expulsion of all transgender people who do not adhere to their idea of what it means to be a real woman or a real man.


    This is a vicious circle. Since significant sections of society, including parts of the medical, political and religious communities, insist on stigmatizing those who are different, the separatist believe that they must separate themselves from the crossdreamers, crossdressers, genderqueer and "non-binaries", not realizing that many of these "perverts" are actually gender dysphoric like themselves.

    They also fail to see that in the eyes of the bigots, being a "pure" transsexual makes no difference. We are all perverts to them, and by supporting the exclusion of other gender variant people, they are in fact helping those who want to exclude all transgender.

    The separatists often embrace established medicine to strengthen their claim to real womanhood or manhood, arguing that their transsexual conditions is nothing but a misalignment mind and body that can be corrected with hormones and surgery. It is this that makes them completely different from "non-binaries" like crossdreamers, they argue.

    I do not question their claim of being the men and women they say they are. Being gender dysphoric myself, I believe there is a biological component to the cause of our misery. But there is no clear and absolute barrier between the gender dysphoric on the one hand and other types of transgender on the other.

    A more open minded and tolerant psychiatry

    The latest developments in both psychiatry and psychology reflect a greater awareness and respect for sex and gender diversity, and also a willingness to understand gender diversity not as a mental illness, but partly as expressions of natural gender variance and partly as instances of "gender incongruence" (i.e. a mismatch between mind and body).

    The recent edition of the psychiatric manual of the American Psychiatric Association, the DSM-5, reflects this in a much better way than previous editions. This especially applies to the section on gender dysphoria, which was written by a subworkgroup headed by Dr. Peggy T Cohen-Kettenis. (1)

    Giving you a chance to read the DSM chapter

    Since separatists often make use of medical terms to prove that they do not belong to the larger transgender family, I have decided to make parts of the gender dysphoria  chapter of the 2013 edition of the DSM available to my readers. With a price tag of 110 US$, most crossdreamers and transgender will never be able to read it.

    The text sums up the dominant thinking about gender variance in the American psychiatric community in a good way. There is still much that is problematic with a text like this one, but Cohen-Kettenis and her colleagues have managed to capture some of the complexity of gender identity and gender expressions. In any case the text debunks all of the major truscum myths about what is required to be considered transgender.

    DSM-5 on transgender, some important points

    Please make note of the following:

    1. The DSM-5 defines "transgender" as a wider umbrella term that encompasses a wide variety of gender variance. Gender dysphoria is not needed to be classified as transgender. Transsexual is a sub-category of transgender. The terms are not synonymous.

    2. The diagnosis "gender dysphoria" does not require a complete identification with one of the two genders as traditionally defined. Non-binary identities are accepted.

    3. "A strong conviction that one has the typical feelings and reactions of the other gender" is only one of many possible criteria. It is not a required criteria. In fact, you need to fulfill only to of the six criteria for gender dysphoria listed to be diagnosed as having gender dysphoria.

    4. The manual stresses that "In adults with gender dysphoria, the discrepancy between experienced gender and physical sex characteristics is often, but not always, accompanied by a desire to be rid of primary and/or secondary sex characteristics and/or a strong desire to acquire some primary and/or secondary sex characteristics of the other gender." (My emphasis) This is important as it is often argued that an anatomic dysphoria is needed for someone to be classified as gender dysphoric.

    5. Crossdressers and crossdreamers can be diagnosed with having gender dysphoria. The chapter underlines that "An individual with transvestic disorder who also has clinically significant gender dysphoria can be given both diagnoses. In many cases of late-onset gender dysphoria in gynephilic natal males, transvestic behavior with sexual excitement is a precursor."

    In other words: The DSM-5 clearly states that there is no absolute distinction between the groups of crossdreamers and crossdressers on the one hand and other transgender people on the other. Some (but not all) crossdreamers are truly gender dysphoric. In fact, the manual argues that crossdreaming can be an early sign of gender dysphoria and therefore transsexualism.

    6. One of the reasons the DSM-5 distinguishes between gender dysphoria and transsexualism, is that people with gender dysphoria do not always end up transitioning. In the DSM the word transsexual is limited to those who plan to transition to their target sex, or who have done so.

    7. The DSM-5 does not require "bottom surgery" for someone to be considered transsexual.

    You can read an excerpt of the DSM-5 chapter on gender dysphoria in this blog post over at Crossdreamers 2.

    Special thanks to Brenda Lana Smith, who transcribed large parts of the text!

    Click here to buy the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition: DSM-5

    See also:
    This is what the word transgender actually means
    Why we need a broad interpretation of transgender
    On Truscummery and access to information
    Truscum and the transgender war of words
    "You are not one of us!" said the separatist transsexual

    .............................
    1) The DSM-section on "transvestic disorder", unfortunately, remains stigmatizing, which should come as no surprise, as that subworkgroup was led by the notorious Ray Blanchard, the father of the autogynephilia concept. But the fact that the category of transvestic fetishism or transvestic disorder is being removed from the manuals used in an increasing number of countries leads me to believe that it is only a matter of time before it is left out of the American manual as well. The World Health Organization’s Working Group on the Classification of Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health has proposed that crossdressing and crossdreaming should be removed from the next edition of the international ICD-11 manual. The era of the Ray Blanchards of the world is coming to an end.

    What happens to crossdressing and crossdreaming in the ICD-11 manual?

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    As noted in my previous post, the recent edition of the Amercian psychiatric manual, the DSM-5, has gone a long way towards depathologizing some transgender conditions. Gender dysphoria, for instance, is no longer considered a mental illness.
    Peggy Cohen-Kettenis

    Note that DSM subworking-group members Peggy T. Cohen-Kettenis and Jack Drescher are also members of the World Health Organization’s Working Group on the Classification of Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health.

    This group will address sex and gender diagnoses in WHO's forthcoming revisions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).  That manual is expected to be published in 2017. The WHO most often follow up changes made in the DSM.

    The current manual has two different sections on crossdressing,  one clearly referring to what I call crossdreaming, and one referring to the mythical mirage of the asexual crossdresser. It is all pretty bizarre, if you ask me. (More about this here!)

    Some countries have already made changes to the current ICD-10 edition, removing the sections on "transvestism".

    In a recent paper the ICD-11 Working Group on the Classification of Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health, states that it "believes it is now appropriate to abandon a psychopathological model of transgender people based on 1940s conceptualizations of sexual deviance and to move towards a model that is (1) more reflective of current scientific evidence and best practices; (2) more responsive to the needs, experience, and human rights of this vulnerable population; and (3) more supportive of the provision of accessible and high-quality healthcare services."

    Before the a preliminary WPATH consensus meeting the working group had proposed the term "transsexualism" to "gender incongruence", moving gender incongruence out of the chapter on mental and behavioral disorders, and deleting the categories "dual role transvestism" and "fetishistic transvestism".

    In other words: Not only is the ICD-11 process moving in the same positive direction as the DSM; it is taking this process further, suggesting that one removes crossdressing and crossdreaming altogether.

    If the ICD-11 takes crossdressing and crossdreaming out of its manual, it will be very hard for the Americans to keep the "transvestic disorder" in the  DSM.

    Survey of truscum transsexual separatists

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    raeltran over at tumblr has published a survey of truscum.

    Truscum is a predominantly online phenomenon playing out on the social media site tumblr. This is group of transsexuals who are trying to appropriate the word "transgender" for themselves, and forbid non-transsexual gender variant people from using it. For some reason they feel embarrassed by using the word transsexual, but think the term "true scum" is a good one.
    Photo: Bs/Wei, thinkstock

    I am not sure to what extent this survey is representative, but if it is, it gives us some interesting information about the composition of the  truscum  separatist tribe.

    1. Most of them are female to male transsexual.

    Unlike the previous separatist movement, the "Classic Transsexual/HBS tribe", they are men (assigned female at birth).

    This rhymes with my general impression: The younger generation of trans women are not following the separatist line. This also helps explain the lack of co-operation between the old female and the new male  generation of separatists.

    2. The truscum are young. 

    Over 80 percent are between 15 and 25 years old.

    This may partly explain their lack of knowledge of transgender history. It seems to me that most of them truly believes the word "transgender" equals "transsexual". I do not think they are lying or trying to deceive (at least not most of them). This paradox can only be explained them lacking an understanding of transgender history.

    3. 75 percent are white and  73 percent are American. 

    All the respondents come from English speaking, Anglo-Saxon/Irish, countries.

    In short: We are talking about a movement predominantly driven by American white men.  This may partly explain their desperate need to purify the word transgender from crossdresser/crossdreamer/genderqueer contamination.

    In the US we see an increasing acceptance of transsexuals following the traditional "men trapped in a woman's body" narrative. We do not see a similar acceptance of non-dysphoric and non-transitioning transgender people, who often are considered sexual perverts by "experts" and laypeople alike. In other words: Expelling crossdressers, crossdreamers, girlfags and other questionable individuals from the transgender movement may allay any suspicions people have of the truscum being "unclean".

    That being said: The great majority of truscum accepts that non-binary identities are valid with gender dysphoria.  In this they differ from the previous generation of separatists, where most required gender dysphoria and a strong identification with the traditional interests, abilities and temperaments of their target sex.

    See also:
    "You are not one of us!" said the separatist transsexualTruscum and the Transgender War of Words

    realtran has also written a post on the reception of the survey, which is worth reading.

    PDF-version of survey (date May 9 2014)


    On the Various Shades of Transgender

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    Photo: anopdesignstock 
    On why it is impossible to draw firm and unambigious borders between the different shades of transgender.

    faekingit over at tumblr asked the following question:

    "Though I’ve seen other people do this before, I’m curious to get my own responses.

    Yes, I’m truscum, but I’m open to listening to answers without flipping out and threatening you with death or something. I probably won’t even reply unless there’s something I want to correct.

    And the question is this - what exactly makes you another gender if you don’t experience sex/body dysphoria (not dysmorphia, keep in mind the difference)? How do you feel, say, in the case of a demiboy, “partially male”, without using gender roles and stereotypical expectations and gender expression to describe it? Answers are appreciated; ignore it if you want since I’m “disgusting true scum”.


    The question forced me to try to simplify the complex matter of sex, gender and transgender in a way that makes sense, even for those who do not know all of the background. It is an impossible task really, but this was my attempt:

    "I am gender dysphoric, so I can relate to your view of the world. But let me try to answer, anyway, as I believe much of the fighting going on in this area is caused by some basic misunderstandings.

    People do not agree on what they mean by gender. In the social sciences it refers to culturally defined mores and ideas. In biology it refers to the end effect of a complex interplay of biological, environmental and social factors. Needless to say, your choice of point of view here makes a huge difference.

    Blank slate vs. biology

    Personally I find the "blank slate" idea of everything sex and gender being cultural or political hard to understand. We are also animals, with all the instincts and drives that this entails.

    But it is equally clear that much of what people understand as typically male or female is cultural. Female liberation has shown us that there are few differences between the sexes as regards personality traits, abilities, temperaments and expressions.

    Dimensions of gender

    So none of the following dimensions alone determine whether you are a man or a woman. Nor can they be used to decide whether you feel like a man or a woman:

    1. Personality traits, including abilities
    2. Sexual orientation
    3. Genitals and other bodily features
    4. Femininity or masculinity, in the sense of a drive towards expressing whatever your culture defines as being such.


    There are masculine women who loves women, and who feel like women. There are masculine female bodied persons who love women, and feel like men. There are people assigned female at birth who love men, and who feel like men... You catch my drift.

    The in-betweeners

    But there are also those that are unsure about their sex identity. Some feel that they are neither, or both, at the same time. These people are as real as you and I.

    Others again move from one position to another as they grow older. They often find that they have repressed a side of themselves condemned by society. What they thought was depression was really dysphoria. This has been my experience.

    And what is even more important: Some are truly identifying with the "other sex", but decide to live and present as their assigned sex, for both valid and not so valid reasons.

    This diversity tells me that human nature is not exclusively binary, even though most people find themselves at home in their assigned sex.

    The personal remix

    If gender is, as the biologists claim, the end result of an interplay of genetic, epigenetic, hormonal, environmental, cultural and psychological factors, this diversity is exactly what you would expect.

    Every single human being is a new remix of an eternal song. There may be a new beat or a different orchestration, and the new mashup does not necessarily lead to a clear cut feeling of being a man or a woman.

    It is this that leads many to dismiss the truscum gospel. If they feel at home in the zone in between (or beyond) the traditional genders, that feeling is still a reflection of a gender mix. They are transgender in the sense that they transcend the traditional genders.

    For them gender dysphoria is not necessarily an issue (although it may be). They may still suffer severely from being caught in this zone, however. The society around them demands allegiance to one of the two genders, and since they -- like all of us -- long for love and affirmation, they may experience much fear and loneliness.

    Communication breakdown

    Here is the problem: For many people living outside the binary, it may be hard to understand other transgender people who feel a painfully strong misalignment between mind and body, in the sense that they identify fully with their target sex.

    The life experience of the non-binary transgender makes it easy for them to conclude that a clear binary sex identity must be an effect of social conditioning. After all: It is this social conditioning that has made their own lives such a living hell. In other words: They may believe that we should all be able to live outside the binary.

    Inborn sex identity

    Hadn't it been for my own dysphoria, I would most likely have believed them. But my own experience tells me that there is a fifth bullet point to add to the list above: An inborn sex identity that is not defined by its content, but that determines how you orient yourself in the world.

    I often compare this inborn sex identity to hunger. We all feel hunger, but the hunger itself does not define your personal taste or your local cuisine. Another example would be disgust, which is clearly an inborn instinct, but it is social training that eventually determines what you feel disgust for. It takes some time before kids develop an aversion against eating flies, for example.

    Such an inborn sex identity would compel a child to seek a role as a man or a woman when growing up, but that identity would not determine what that behavior should be. Culture fills the sex identity with content.

    The suffering of gender dysphoria is an effect of the misalignment between this sex identity and the body (called "gender incongruence" by modern psychiatry). Gender dysphoria is not causing the misalignment.

    This may sound like a trivial detail, but in the truscum debate it is essential. Because the truscum try to establish gender dysphoria as a kind of perfect litmus test for determining if you are transsexual (in the sense of identifying fully with your target sex).

    (I am using the term transsexual here, as I resent the truscum attempts at taking over the word transgender.)

    Beyond dysphoria

    There are people who identify fully with their target sex who do not experience what the medical establishment has defined as dysphoria. There are non-binaries who suffer from dysphoria. Dysphoria can therefore not be used to determine who is transsexual and who is not.

    At best it can be used as a proxy or an indicator for determining what kind of health services they should get. But to be honest with you: I find even that approach questionable.

    But couldn't you use this inborn sex identity to divide the true truscum from the rest of the transgender community? After all, people like you and me clearly exist. There are those of us who would have been much better off had we been born with a body of the other biological sex.

    But it is hard to do so. As I pointed out above: Even though you and I feel this way, not all people do. There are no clear borders. There are no impenetrable walls between the genders. Even the inborn sex identity may vary in intensity. If you live close to one of the ends of the spectrum, the binary makes sense. For others, it doesn't.

    Nor can you put up a clear wall between the binaries and the non-binaries, again because reality is too complex, fluid and many-faceted.

    And why should you put up such walls? There is no need to do so!

    Unless, of course, you think it is a good idea to join the ranks of those who deny the diversity, and leave the rest of us behind. That is exactly what people think the truscum gospel is about, and that is exactly why you meet so much hostility."

    Click here for the original XD Express post and links to the tumblr discussion

    See also Gender Reloaded, my blog posts on the dimensions of sex, gender and gender identity.

    Anne Vitale on Crossdreaming in Middle Age

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    What happens to gender dysphoric crossdreamers when they enter middle age?
    Illustration photo by Volodina

    The psychotherapist Anne Vitale has written a very interesting book on various transgender conditions -- including various shades of crossdreamer -- calledThe Gendered Self.

    I am taking the liberty of quoting the book liberally, as I think the book contains an important discussion of the gender identity struggles of adult crossdreamers, crossdressers and transgender.

    Gender expression deprivation anxiety

    Vitale points out that mid-life brings up new challenges for what I call crossdreamers -- especially the gender dysphoric ones (i.e. those that suffer from what Vitale calls "gender expression deprivation anxiety").

    "Decades of trying to overcome their increasing gender expression deprivation anxiety begins to weigh heavily on the individual. Family and career are now as deeply rooted as they will ever be. The idea of starting over as a different sex seems impossible."

    These persons often show up in therapy offices with symptoms mimicking depersonalization disorder, depression or generalized anxiety disorder, Vitale points out. They complain of panic attacks, irritability, sleeping disorder, inability to concentrate and weight loss.

    Some disconnect from their families emotionally. Others find it hard to keep up their job performance. Some get suicidal at this stage.

    The problem is that the feeling of dissonance does not go away as you get older. It might just as well get stronger.

    The life of John

    Vitale tells the story about John, a 51 year old male assigned medical research scientist, married for over 20 years and with three children, who came to her after a severe panic attack.


    Vitale reports:

    "He said that he was 'gender dysphoric' and that he was 'desperate'. Feelings that were once 'controllable through sheer force of will' had increased to where he was now having protracted periods where he would close his office door, lie in the corner on the floor and weep quietly while curled up in the fetal position, holding his genitals in pain.

    "Other than intrusive and repeated fantasies of being female, he had refused to allow himself any overt form of female gender expression. The only other form of temporary relief came through masturbating. He reported feeling that if he was to cross-dress and be caught, he would dishonor his wife and family. Having attained international recognition for his work, he was also concerned about his professional reputation."

    The invisible transgender

    To the extent the fates of persons like John are mentioned at all in the transgender debate, it is normally as examples of perverts afraid of losing their "male privilege". To me that make no sense at all. If this had only been about a sexual kink, John would not face this kind of severe emotional pain. This is a clear case of gender dysphoria, if I ever saw one.

    And I fear there are many like him out there. Indeed, I can recognize a part of my own story in his. These are the "dark transgender", the invisible ones, the ones that do not show up in government statistics.

    I must admit that this case has made a strong impression on me, as it documents how far we have to go before we are able to alleviate all this suffering. At the moment it seems too many, both sexist scientists and transgender separatists,  are trying to make it worse.

    John makes a choice

    What happened to John?

    Vitale says that they worked together for three years by way of individual, group and family psychotherapy, plus estrogen replacement therapy. John has now taken a female name and is living full time as a woman.

    Vitale does not reflect on what would have happened to her if she had not gone down that road.

    In denial

    Vitale argues that what she calls "group three" (the category of MTF transgender that are most similar to the majority of transgender people reading this blog, I guess) may end up i John's position because they have spent so much time trying to rid themselves of their dysphoria:

    "Being largely heterosexual, they often marry and have children, hold advanced educational degrees and are involved in high levels of corporate and academic cultures. These are the invisible or cloistered gender dysphorics. They develop an aura of deep secrecy based on shame and risk of ridicule and their secret desire to be the opposite sex is protected at all cost...

    "The irony is that gender dysphoric symptoms appear to worsen in direct proportion to their self-enforced entrenchment in the gendered world they do not identify with. The further an individual gets from believing he or she can ever live as a member of the opposite sex, the more acute and disruptive his or her dysphoria becomes."

    The lives of the non-dysphoric

    Vitale does not say that this applies to all crossdressers, mind you:

    "If the individual's gender dysphoria is a relatively minor one, cross-gender lifestyle changes in dressing and behaviors may be all that person needs to ease the anxiety. However, if the individual's dysphoria is profound, a simple life style change may be insufficient. In the latter case, the need for more authentic gender expression moves from a life-style problem to a life-threatening imperative."

    Feel free to share your own experience as a comment!

    The introduction to Vitale's book is available for free.

    How I found out my husband is a woman inside and what happened next

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    Photo: Robin Beckham
    Buried Treasure, a Love Story

    By Sally Molay, Guest Blogger


    Different but the same
    Where I stumble across the surprise of my life

    "He is no different than he was yesterday. He is straight and he loves me."

    These were the first thoughts I put on paper after I found out that my husband, Jack, is transgender, a woman in a man's body.

    I was literally dizzy for days, and very frightened. But I was also eager to find the truth about the man I loved and I was overwhelmed thinking about how lonely he must be carrying this huge secret, scary on his own, how frustrated and sad. My heart was breaking for him. (Pronouns are difficult in this case. I use the ones Jack use.)

    This is how I found out: I stumbled across his pseudonymous twitter account, which linked to a blog authored by the same pseudonym, a person living as a man, but perceiving himself as a woman. Some days later, I gathered the courage to read more and learned that, in his own words, he was attracted to women and happily married. Knowing this gave me a measure of security.

    But so much remained unresolved: If I confronted him, would he freak out? Would I freak out? Would I still be attracted to him, knowing there was a female identity inside the body of the man I loved? The blog went back seven years. Could I live with the fact that he had kept this from me all that time? Could we make it work?

    I knew I wanted to. We have no kids, so this was entirely between the two of us. I also knew it would be a lot of work and that I had no clue how to proceed. For more than half my life Jack had been the most important person in my life and even though we certainly have had our ups and downs, most of the time I felt that I knew what I was doing, knew where we were going as a couple and what to expect from him. Now it seemed like all bets were off.

    I felt helpless and desperately needed someone to talk to, but I knew he definitely wouldn't want me to discuss this with anyone else. And he didn't want to talk. He wouldn't even admit the blog was his.


    Sleepless nights, endless days
    Where I try to ignore the whole thing and don't succeed

    I came across the blog on a Saturday evening. We were in a café, both of us with our iPad, reading email, checking Facebook and Twitter. He posted a story on Twitter that I had sent him, but he posted it from the wrong account. That's how I found out.

    Before looking closer, I said "This is strange. You said you were tweeting the story I sent you, but you didn't. Instead, this other person posted the same story and he is referencing me." Jack quickly deleted the message and denied the whole thing. I didn't want to make a scene in public, so I decided to wait. But we were on our way to a fancy restaurant and I didn't want to spoil that.

    I know, I know. I should have reacted immediately, but I was walking on eggshells, had been for years. Jack was so miserable--anxious and depressed--and I wanted so much to make him feel better. One of my strategies was not rocking the boat.

    Keeping to this strategy and used by now to handling relationship issues by trying--mistakenly and unsuccessfully--to be a "bridge over troubled waters", absorbing what I could of the whatever stuff the two of us were going through. So I thought that I ought to make sense of this new knowledge on my own. I told myself that by not pushing the issue, I was giving him what he wanted, and hoped that he would come around when the time was right.

    In the meantime I wasn't sleeping, I couldn't concentrate and I was basically going out of my mind. My safe place, my home, didn't feel so safe any more: I had assumed I knew Jack really well and discovered I didn't. He had been keeping this very important information secret from me for years, and now I had stumbled on what seemed to be a strange, parallel dimension--like Alice falling down the rabbit hole.

    On Tuesday, a couple of days after I found the blog, I went to a conference in another city. I thought that maybe three nights apart would provide me with some perspective and calm me down, but it didn't. I tried to focus on the conference and it did me no good. I still couldn't sleep and in the middle of the night, I started exploring his blog, trying to get a grasp of the situation. Then I really freaked out. I had hoped to gain some understanding. In stead I found words like gender dysphoria, transgender, autogynephilia, and other concepts I had little or no knowledge of and I was very confused. To get some perspective, I started writing: "He is no different than he was yesterday. He is straight and he loves me."

    Writing on, I realized that I was scared and bewildered, but not really surprised. I had known for a long time that he was unhappy. Now I knew why. Another reason was that I had seen the books he was reading: Biographies and autobiographies, novels and poems, dissertations and papers about the sociology, psychology, history, and biology of gender and sexuality in general and transgender and trans sexuality in particular.


    Living with secrets
    Where I find some answers and more questions

    Why didn't I guess earlier? I knew that something was up with Jack and I had an idea it was sexual in nature. I had felt his discomfort and seen the books. Once I even found a comic strip about a transsexual on our computer. When I asked him about it, he claimed to have no idea about it and I let it go. Why?

    Here are three reasons I have found: First, there is a huge taboo on issues like this and I didn't want to pry. Second, I knew that if he didn't want to talk, he wouldn't, being more than a little stubborn. Finally, I had no idea about how to handle this, so letting it go and forgetting about it was surprisingly easy. After all, this was dark and uncharted territory, where in the old maps it used to say "here be monsters". I had no idea what to expect and no one to ask for advice.

    Why wasn't I angry when I found out? After all, he had lied to me for years about something essential both to him and to us. Most of all because I had seen his anguish and tried every way I could to help, but without success. Now that I knew why he was so unhappy, I saw a chance for relief for him and a new start for us. Over a period of several years we had drifted apart. We were still very close friends and occasionally lovers, but we rarely shared hopes and dreams, fears and sorrows. If we were going to survive this revelation as a couple, we would have to make a new start. I knew we needed that.

    Reading more of his blog, I learned that he had considered seeking medical help in order to get gender reassignment, in other words to become a woman. This was what he longed to be, but for reasons that were not yet clear to me he didn't consider it an option.

    Even though I now had more information, I still couldn't sleep. Using the hours on the train home Friday evening to reflect on this new knowledge about my life partner of so many years, I decided if I was going on in our marriage, I needed us to go on together, in honesty.


    An easy difficult conversation
    Where we finally talk and it feels quite good

    When I arrived back home, the first thing I did after taking off my shoes and jacket was to go for it: "I have read more of that blog and I know it's yours," I said and continued: "I don't know how to deal with this and I need you to be honest with me."

    I watched his expression changing as he mentally searched for ways out and found none. He looked desperate. "It's really late and this is a difficult issue," I said. "Let's talk in the morning." Quietly, he said "Yes" and we went to bed. Needless to say I didn't sleep any better that night.

    The next morning we decided to talk after breakfast. It had been a week since the discovery. Over breakfast I found myself studying him when he wasn't looking, trying to get a glimpse of the woman within. I wanted to recognize and honor his inner self that had been unseen for so long. I was probably projecting, but I found features like his kind eyes, his full, soft lips and his long, slender legs to which I could anchor my perception of this other side of my spouse and best friend.

    After breakfast I braced myself and told him: "I need to know everything." He told me I could ask him anything. So I started asking and learned that there are trans people-- probably a lot of them--who show no outward sign of it. This is called presenting, so Jack is presenting as a man even though he perceives himself as a woman. Many of these people, like Jack, are not crossdressers either. Rather, they are crossdreamers. Their true gender, their true identity is being relegated to the world of dreams and fantasies.

    He told me that he had probably always known deep inside, but hadn't known how to handle it. Growing up in a conservative family in a provincial, puritan town, it's no wonder. So as a child he repressed his true self by unconsciously separating from his feminine identity and placing her deep inside, so deep that she only surfaced in dreams and fantasies. Many of these fantasies were sexual in nature and for most of his life this is the only way he got to experience his inner woman.

    In his 40's he was desperately unhappy and decided his only chance at a better life was to find out how deep these fantasies went and what they really meant. So he read and read and read some more and admitted to himself that he was transgender. Then he started the blog and found out there were others like him--a lot of them, both men and women--struggling to express their true self, longing for what most of us take for granted: respect and recognition.

    Many of these people are not only struggling with the taboo our society has placed on these issues, but with a deep seated discomfort: gender dysphoria. You can think of dysphoria as the opposite of euphoria. Wikipedia defines it as "a feeling of emotional and mental discomfort, symptom of discontentment, restlessness, dissatisfaction, malaise, depression, anxiety or indifference." In other words, the disparity between the inner, true gender and the presenting gender they don't identify with, causes sadness, depression, desperation and often even physical discomfort

    Our breakfast conversation went smoothly. I asked the questions I had been carrying for a week and Jack answered at length. He told me that the dysphoria has many aspects. Most fundamental is the sorrow of being in the wrong body. You don't have to know this by experience to understand how fundamental and inescapable this and how shattering.

    Then there is the continuous stress of being condemned by society. Sitcoms regularly use feminine men or men in woman's clothing as comical relief and crossdressers are often made out to be perverts. It wasn't hard for me to see that in a society where both gender and sexuality are such important factors in TV, movies, advertising, popular music and music videos, the taboo and the ridicule must really hurt.

    Another aspect of the dysphoria is the loneliness. Due to the taboo, many, probably most, transgender people choose to hide their real selves. This moves me deeply. Imagine going through life unable to show your real self, your true beauty, your innermost dreams.

    This leads to another factor of dysphoria: Many crossdreamers have sexual desires that are never met. A woman presenting as a man, like Jack, often dream about having sex as a woman and if you don't want to transition, to have hormone therapy and gender reassignment surgery, then this will never happen.


    The uncomfortable truth

    Where I face some major challenges

    During the first weeks of conversations we were getting to know each other all over again. It was scary, exhilarating and exhausting. I was sad to know that he had lied to me about something so important. I could understand why, but I was still sad and hurt. I had always imagined that we were closer to each other than most couples and could be truthful with each other.

    Before we met, I was raped, but told no one. I repressed the whole experience. Years later, I trusted Jack with the hurt, shame, depression and anxiety that was a result of this horrible experience and I am forever grateful for the comfort and understanding he gave me. His acceptance of my deep truth and his empathy made a huge difference to me. Now I was disappointed that he didn't trust me enough to share his secret with me.

    My home, Norway, is a country that prides itself on the level of equality achieved for women, for gays and lesbians. Still, trans issues are hardly ever mentioned and in general people know nothing about them--as was the case with me until recently. Conchita Wurst, a trans person from Austria, had just won the Eurovision Song Contest. Some of my friends thought this was "about time", "really cool" or "good for her", some of my friends found her disturbing or declared that they were sorry to say they still harbored prejudice. I got to feel the taboo for myself.

    I realized that when a truth so major, so essential was revealed, there was going to be some major changes in our life together. It was far too early to guess what kind of changes, but the truth is, I'm not really good with changes. I crave security and get easily rattled. I was thoroughly rattled by this experience and we were just starting to figure things out.

    Even though I was certain we both wanted to work things out, I couldn't be sure we would succeed. There were the secrets, the dysphoria and the big question: would he remain a crossdreamer or would he eventually want to transition? Transition is never easy and it is probably harder the older you get. Also, Jack is a quiet person, almost timid. Coming out as a transsexual would be very hard on him.

    Part of me wanted him the way he was, the way I had always known him, but I knew that was literally only skin deep and that I had to let go of that. I also knew now that his depression and desperation were caused by the gender dysphoria. He declared emphatically that he didn't feel transition was an option, yet I couldn't help wondering if he would change his mind, especially now that we were in it together.


    Love, sweet love

    Where we finally have some good luck

    The more I saw of Jack's true self, the more I wanted us to make this work and, knowing us, I knew we could do it. You may ask if this is not overly optimistic in this predicament, but I trusted our love for one another. In fact, I was falling in love all over again. Despite the previous distrust, it did feel like a gift to get to know this whole new side of him, even though I now often found myself thinking of him as her.

    When I was away at the conference trying to forget about the whole thing, I was wondering if I would still be attracted to him, knowing he felt himself to be a woman. Now I found my body responding spontaneously to the new situation. I was curious and excited to find out what it would be like to touch the lady in him and luckily, amazingly, it turned us both on. A lot.

    I was happy about this, but also surprised. I have never been attracted to women. I didn't even have what the movies make out to be the mandatory lesbian experience in college. So when I got turned on by Jack's inner woman, I don't think it was because I had discovered latent lesbian tendencies. If you knew me, you would know that what I fall for in a person is not usually the handsome face, the strong body and the brave exploits. What turns me on are the kind heart, the wise soul and the messy sum of life experiences.

    Considering this, it is no wonder that I was turned on by getting to know the hidden, vulnerable and virtually unexplored side of Jack. And so we found our sex life refreshed and renewed, a welcome bonus after 25 years together.


    I am a bird now
    Where I dream of a new and better life for the both of us

    There is still much I for me to learn and for us to figure out, but I have gained some perspective and this is the essence of it: Our love is as strong as I hoped it was. Jack is working hard to unveil his inner lady and involve me in her life. I am up to this.

    I want so much to reach out to the hidden side of my spouse, to put an end to the loneliness and maybe to combat the dysphoria. I find myself thinking about the artist Anthony Hegarty. He is a singer, a sculptor and a trans person. With his band, Anthony and the Johnsons, he made an album called I Am a Bird Now, with a song called "Bird Gehrl":

    I am a bird girl now
    I've got my heart
    Here in my hands now
    I've been searching
    For my wings some time
    I'm gonna be born
    Into soon the sky
    'Cause I'm a bird girl
    And the bird girls go to heaven
    I'm a bird girl
    And the bird girls can fly
    Bird girls can fly

    If Anthony can be a bird girl, Jack being a regular girl seemed easy in comparison. Like Jack, Anthony is not a exactly crossdresser and he is not a transsexual. He is a woman--and a bird--living in a man's body.

    Continuing in this vein, my brain fills with ideas for situations where Jack's inner woman could spread her wings, so to speak. Because the more we talk and the more I read, the more certain I am that this is what it takes to get to grips with the dysphoria. And that is what I want for my darling. This is the next part. Something we haven't done before, something that makes us both insecure, where we can't rely on experience.

    We will start with having a look at the dysphoria together. It was his secret for so long. Now he can allow himself to feel it fully and I will be there to hold him, to comfort him. I don't know what to expect and it could be anything. These feelings have been hidden away for so long, they might come to the surface in a jumble. We'll see. Once there is a space for the dysphoria, it can be examined. When we know what triggers it and what eases it, hopefully we can formulate a strategy.

    Making a new start, we need new words and new habits. Knowing that he was uncomfortable with his body, I used to let him know when he looked especially good, complementing him on everything from his nice ass to his sophisticated wardrobe. Now I know that this was in reality counter productive, emphasizing the masculinity he didn't identify with. Instead, I need to find other things to focus my positive attention on. I am learning to observe and appreciate his feminine side and to allow it room to be expressed.

    We are already discussing shared projects. He has the blog where he writes about crossdreaming and has invited me to participate, possibly as a guest writer, possibly as a co-editor. This way I can continue to learn about Jack and more about the world of trans and in the process.

    Crossdressing and roleplaying works for a lot of crossdreamers. It doesn't for Jack and I'm realizing this is a disappointment to me. I know it would be challenging and that I don't fully know what I am talking about, but it would be a way for the feminine side to express itself and provide release for the dysphoria.

    However, we do have our recently re-discovered sex life and I know he has lots of fantasies. He is, after all, a crossdreamer. Maybe some of them are of a nature that makes it possible for us to share them? Would he want that?

    Three weeks have passed and we are up to the moment of writing. Now that the shock is behind me, I am gathering my strength, courage and creativity. I know we can do this and I know it will be hard work, but I am looking forward to finding out what the future brings us.

    Janet Mock and Laverne Cox Embrace a Broad Interpretation of Transgender

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    Janet Mock and Laverne Cox are supporting the
    transgender umbrella. Photo: Jamie McCarthy
    Trans activists Janet Mock and Laverne Cox supports a wide definition of the word transgender. Mock's new book explains why.

    Janet Mock's new autobiography should be obligatory reading for everyone interested in trans issues, and for various reasons. 

    One is the fact that she throws light upon why some transsexual people feel such a need to invalidate other members of the transgender family.

    Getting validation as a "real woman"

    Mock tells the story about how she as a young transsexual woman ended up distancing herself from other trans people, insulting them in the process.

    She writes:

    "Growing up, I learned that being trans was not something you did take pride in; therefore, I yearned to separate myself from the dehumanizing depictions of trans women I saw in popular culture..."

    Mock starts out by pointing out that umbrella terms like transgender can cause difficulties, as society often blurs the lines between drag queens and trans women.

    This is highly problematic, Mock says, because this causes many people to believe that trans women, like drag queens, go home, take off their wigs and chest plates, and walk around as men:

    "Trans Womanhood is not a performance or costume. As [Mock's friend] Wendi likes to joke, 'A drag queen is part-time for show-time, and a trans woman is all the time!"

    Gender dysphoric drag queens and crossdressers

    Still, when Mock does not dismiss the broader transgender alliance (or end up as truscum), this is because she learned to know drag queens and divas personally, and found that many of them are, in fact, transsexual women.


    This is the same argument I make about crossdressers, crossdreamers and girlfags: Some are actually gender dysphoric. In the chapter on her surgery in Thailand, Mock tells us about her fellow patient and new friend, a previous MTF crossdresser. Mock never questions the gender identity of this woman.

    And there is -- as Mock points out -- "no formula when it comes to gender and sexuality. No one, but yourself, can ultimately decide whether you are trans or not, or what this "transness" should imply.

    Trans separation

    But when Mock was young she did try to distance herself from trans people who did not pass as well as she did. She is very open about this:

    "My body and appearance had been policed my whole life, so I began policing other girls. As a teen, I wanted badly to pass. Due to this investment i keeping appearances, I grew self-conscious when I hung out in large packs of trans girls because the risk of being read as trans heightened. So I began stealthily separating myself from the group."

    "The bitch thinks she's too fish for us," one of the girls said loudly enough for Mock to hear. "Just because you look does not make you better than anybody. Trust!"

    "Isolation made me feel safer," Mock adds, "though the irony of separating from the pack, of separating myself from my trans sisters in an effort to be welcomed into larger society (into the gaze of guys), is glaring to me now."

    Mock writing about this is important because she gives us an important clue about what drives truscum and other transsexual separatists: a desperate (and understandable) need to be embraced by a hetero- and cisnormative society.

    And in order to achieve this recognition they try to dump the trans people who are not able to pass as a non-transgender persons, the persons who are not "fish", to use the Hawaiian trans expression.

    I believe the recent wave of truscum transsexual separatism over at tumblr is driven by very young female to male transsexual who fear the stigma following from association with both transsexual porn, drag queens and male to female crossdressers. They therefore develops a narrative where they and the "freaks" have nothing in common.

    They cannot admit that drag queens and crossdressers can be gender dysphoric, because that would cause their mental map to go up in flames. Nor can they accept a more ambiguous view of sex and gender, because that is not what their  parents, friends and teachers would like to hear. And since they are so young, they actually believe what they say.

    Mock's support of the umbrella term

    Mock is no longer leaving other transgender people behind. Indeed, elsewhere she makes it very clear that she supports a broad based transgender alliance. 

    In a conversation with B. Scott she says that:

    "I think that many people assume that transgender only means those of us who are transsexual, folks who medically transition. It’s necessary for us to state and embrace the fact that trans people have various relationships with gender. Some people are men, some are women and others refuse to be either and self-determination should be embraced."

    The fact that a trans icon like Mock says this is important, because I see a trend where many do interpret transgender to mean the same as transsexual. 

    Laverne Cox on transgender
    Laverne Cox on the cover of Time

    This is also one of many reasons for why the recent Laverne Cox's Time interview makes such a difference.

    Cox, of Orange is the New Black fame,  also embraces the broad transgender umbrella. She says:

    "There are so many terms. Facebook just gave us 56 custom genders. The biggest thing is that it’s about listening to individuals, not making assumptions … The reality is that lots of lived experience defies that trapped-in-the-wrong-body narrative. People are like, ‘I’m confused!’ And it’s like, ‘Calm down. Relax. It’s okay. Who is this individual right in front of you?’ … When it comes to terms, trans or gender-nonconforming are two great terms that can encompass a variety of different experiences."

    This quote led one truscum separatist over at tumblr to call Cox "transphobic"

    But the point made by Cox and Mock is not that transsexual women are not women or that trans men are not men. They are just saying that in a world full of sex and gender diversity there is room for other alignments as well. Those variations are also transgender. In other words: They distinguish between transsexual (those who identify with their target sex) and a  much wider category of gender variance called transgender.

    And it is this wide understanding of transgender that leaves room for drag queens, crossdressers, crossdreamers and girlfags in the trans family -- whether they are gender dysphoric or not.

    A Transgender Novel Discussing "Autogynephilia" - Imogen Binnie's Nevada

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    Imogen Binnie has written a novel about the lives of two male to female crossdreamers. And yes, you should read it!
    Photo of Imogen Binnie byJulie Blair 


    There have been novels about crossdreaming before (Ernest Hemingway'sGarden of Edencomes to mind), but I have never seen one who includes a discussion of the concept of "autogynephilia" (defined as men who get aroused by the idea of being women).

    Imogen Binnie's Nevada does. And it does so because it is about two male to female crossdreamers: one lesbian punk trans woman, Maria Griffith, and one MTF crossdreamer living as a  heterosexual man: James.

    Raw

    It is a roller-coaster ride of a book, completely unlike any trans autobiography you might have read.

    The language is colorful and explicit, and Binnie does not sugarcoat the lives of transgender people. Both James and Maria are suffering from the kind of traumatic stress disorder that gender confusion can bring. They are struggling with self acceptance, and find it hard to believe and embrace the love of others.

    Maria is definitely intellectualizing  in an attempt to avoid feeling the hurt.

    Crossdreaming unfiltered

    Unlike many trans authors Binnie does not hide the crossdreaming -- i.e. the fact that trans people, being those crossdressers, transsexuals or other gender variant persons, may get aroused by the idea of being their target sex. She faces it head on, bringing it out into the open.


    This is of great help, because crossdreamers -- whether they think of themselves as trans or not -- need to see that others have had dreams like theirs, felt like them, suffered like them, without buying into that "I am a poor, lonely, fetishist" kind of crap.

    Becoming your own prison guard
    From book cover.

    Traditionally, both crossdressers and trans women have avoided talking about crossdreaming, fearing that it would make them perverts in the eyes of others.

    As Maria points out in Nevada, "we often, as individuals, internalize these things, and then we, as a community, often reinforce them."

    Anyone who has followed this blog for a while will know that the most aggressive gender police can be trans themselves.

    I now have over 100 likes and reblogs of a Nevada quote I put up over at tumblr. Many of the likes come from young trans women who are sick and tired of having to live up to the old fashioned standards of gatekeepers and trans fundamentalists, people who do not understand how sexuality may express a repressed identity.

    Autogynephilia discussed

    James has a girlfriend, but knows perfectly well he is not your regular guy. He often ends up surfing the net for TG transformation stories and captions. It is James who brings up "autogynephilia":

    "This shit isn't really funny, so he's like, I don't know, I'm like, into girls and stuff, but I guess like, mostly what I'm... turned on by... is being a girl?"

    Maria does not hesitate, and tells him about her own life before transitioning.

    "I was thinking about being a girl while I jacked off, she says, Like, as soon as I started jacking off. For years I thought it was because I was a pervert, that I had this kink I must never, ever tell anyone about, right? Which was sad. There weren't really any misogynist or otherwise fucked up connotations to the specifics of what I was thinking about -- I just wanted to be a woman, which gets framed as a priori quote unquote perverted. Right?"

    And then she presents Blanchard and Bailey, the amazing autogynephilia twins of transexual studies, and their two categories of trans women: "homosexual transsexuals" and "autogynephilic transsexuals".

    According to this theory Maria is an "autogynephiliac" or -- as she herself so ironically puts it -- one of the men who "just have such a big hot boner for being women that they decide to become women even though they are ugly and unlovable".

    Oh yes, Maria has a knack for irony. It's acid!

    Autogynephilia as a mental lock-in

    Maria points out that since the whole autogynephilia framework is based on sexuality and sexual orientation, you have no choice but to accept that the defining characteristic of trans women is their sexuality. If you put yourself into the restrictive boxes of Blanchard and Bailey, you have no room left for figuring out who you are or what you want.

    Maria adds that:

    "The alleged 'science' of autogynephilia is about making up categories to understand why J Michael Bailey wants to bone some trans women but not others."

    Ouch!

    "It is about framing trans women as men in order to understand deviant male sexuality, without ever looking at female sexuality."

    Maria sums it all up very clearly:

    "So like, autogynephilia theory just is basically designed to reinforce the idea that trans women are men, and that women don't have sexualities, and that straight dudes are good people to talk about queer women's sexualitites."

    Indeed! And the book illustrates clearly how the autogynephilia theory is causing the pain it uses to "prove" that crossdreamers are perverts.

    The emotional isolation of Maria and James is caused by the sexist bigotry of society. If you are told that your feelings are unnatural and perverted, you stop talking about them. You internalize your norms and condemnation of your oppressors. And it is this isolation people like Blanchard use to "prove" that crossdreamers and trans people are mentally ill. This is a vicious circle!

    Here is Binnie talking about her book:

     
    Imogen's blog
    ImogenBinnie.com
    Essay by Imogen Binnie on the causes of transgender conditions
    The Rejectionist: A Conversation With Imogen Binnie

    The Autogynephilia Theory, Again...

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    With irregular intervals there pops up a new article discussing Ray Blanchard's "autogynephilia" theory, often written by someone who knows enough about crossdreaming to be interested, but not enough to see through the jargon of Blanchard.

    Autogynephilia times two.
    Photo: Dmitrii Kotin
    This is a comment I wrote as a reply to Joseph Burgo's recent article on autogynephila.

    Autogynephilia, huh?

    Blanchard argues that there two separate types of transgender, both defined by the sexual orientation of the transgender person. The theory covers both male to female crossdressers and trans women, but the vocabulary refers mostly to trans women.

    The first type is the "homosexual transsexual" (by which he means trans women attracted to men). These are effeminate gay men who transition in order to attract straight men, according to Blanchard.

    The other is the "autogynephilic transsexual" (those who are not attracted to men). These he considers heterosexual paraphiliacs (perverts) who are sexually attracted to the image of themselves as female. Neither Blanchard nor his supporter J. Michael Bailey, recognize any of these as women.

    Blinded by Science

    Needless to say, the Blanchard model invalidates the identities of trans women. And from where I am standing it is also clear that the theory does not reflect the real lives of non-transsexual crossdreamers and crossdressers.

    We live in a culture, however, where scientists are expected to be disinterested and objective, while the trans activists are -- for obviously reasons -- both emotionally and existentially involved in what's being said about them. This has led some to believe Blanchard (who is not transgender) knows more about transgender issues than transsexual women, crossdreamers and crossdressers.

    Let me therefore make this perfectly clear: The theory has been thoroughly falsified and dismissed, also by scientists.

    Here are some of the main arguments raised against it:

    1. Crossdreaming is not limited to men who love women

    The "autogynephiliacs" are defined by what I have called crossdreaming. Crossdreamers may get aroused by the fantasy of being their target sex. The androphilic trans women ("homosexual transsexuals" in Blanchard's misleading and offending terminology, i.e. those who are attracted to men) never experience such fantasies, according to Blanchard.


    Well, I have been in touch with many androphilic crossdreamers, and Jaimie Veale's recent studies also confirm that they exist. There are also woman-loving (gynephilic) trans women who report no crossdreaming. This should be impossible, according to Blanchard.

    It should be noted that Blanchard's own data shows the same thing. He dismisses his own findings by arguing that the relevant "autogynephiles" are lying. I am sure some of them are, but the androphilic ones have the same reasons for not telling the truth. Blanchard does not even consider this option, because it would make a mockery out of his theory.

    2. There is no clear divide between straight and homosexual

    The theory is based on the premise that homosexuality on the one hand, and heterosexuality and bisexuality on the other, are two completely different categories with no overlap. This is a dogma of his. It is not something he is able to prove.

    We have known since Alfred Kinsey that sex. gender, gender identity and sexual orientation are fluid and often overlapping categories. Preferences may also change over time. Some woman-loving trans women actually report a change in their sexual orientation after transitioning. This may be caused by them now being allowed to recognize feelings which they have previously considered taboo, but that does not change the fact that Blanchard's classification system is too crude to capture what is truly going on.

    3. Blanchard is not a disinterested and objective scientist 

    Had he been wise enough to stick to publishing in academic journals, he might have gotten away with this, but in 2013 he agreed to an interview with the web site Motherboard. In this he speaks plainly about his own beliefs.

    The interview shows us a man trapped in a 19th century male view of sex and sexuality, where anyone who does not conform to his strict rules of sexual normalcy are considered paraphiliacs (perverts). He defends the use of terms like "sissy" and "tranny", and argues that homosexuality should have been kept in the American psychiatric manual.

    4. There are female bodied crossdreamers

    In the Motherboard interview Blanchard also confirms that he believes that sexual perversions are only found among men, and that there therefore can be no female bodied crossdreamers ("autoandrophiliacs"). It seems his view is based on some kind of quasi-evolutionary idea that men are the sexually aggressive, while women are passive wall-flowers.

    My female to male crossdreamer friends (sometimes referred to as "girlfags") are a bit miffed by having a researcher telling them that they do not exist. I tell them not to worry. There is a thriving FTM crossdreamer culture out there, with its own literary genres (like yaoi and M/M). But that's not all: You also find crossdreamers among lesbians and pre-transitioning trans men.  In many (but not all) of the FTM crossdreamer  fantasies of being a gay man with a gay man, the dreamers or trans men take on the traditional aggressive male role.

    5. The theory is based on an extremely narrow view of sexuality

    Blanchard reduces desire to some kind of simplistic stimulus/response system, where the image of  a man's or a woman's body or body parts triggers arousal, and such signals only.

    Blanchard & Co completely miss the point that non-transgender men and women may also get aroused by the idea of being sexy or being desired. Arousal, desire, affection and love are complex phenomena with a lot of biological and psychological feedback loops.

    Dr. Charles Moser has documented "autogynephilia" in non-transgender straight women, and I have found it among some lesbians and trans men.

    6. There are simpler explanations

    Blanchard is so locked into his old fashioned view of sex and sexuality, that he forgets to consider simpler explanations for what he sees. There is no doubt that crossdreamers (whom he calls "autogynephiliacs") exist. I am one of them. But for most crossdreamers there is a more elegant explanation that makes much more sense: Crossdreaming is not an "erotic target location error" or a separate sexuality. It is, rather, an obvious expression of a repressed sexuality and/or gender identity.

    The trans activist and philosopher Julia Serano refers to a subconscious sex which has been repressed throughout a misogynistic, homophobic and transphobic upbringing. Dr. Jaimie Veale argues that many crossdreamers start out as introvert people pleasers, who are willing to do anything to gain the respect and love of family, friends and peers -- to the point of completely obliterating their gender variance. This is a reaction similar to the total denial found among some gays and lesbians. The sex drive is strong, though, and it pushes its way through into dreams and fantasies.

    The difference between crossdreamers and non-crossdreaming transgender, or between "late onset" and "early onset" transsexuals, is therefore not primarily about sexual orientation, but about personality traits and temperament.

    As a shy kid I managed to completely separate my crossdreamer fantasies from my understanding of myself as a non-transgender straight man. I interpreted my gender dysphoria as anxiety and depression caused by other factors. The fear of being considered a freak was so strong that I found it hard to approach women.

    The isolation some crossdreamers' experience is not a lack of a capacity for the love of others, but a belief that there is no one there who would love them for who they are. They are wrong about this. I am happily married to a woman who loves me as I am. But the fear is not without reason. Having people like Blanchard running around classifying us as mentally ill perverts is certainly not helping crossdreamers find love and respect!

    References and further reading


    Summer Break, Comments Down

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    Photo: Ellen Smile
    Crossdreamers.com will take a three week holiday.

    In this period we will close down the comment section.

    Welcome back to new interesting discussions in August!

    Crossdreaming Described

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    This is crossdreaming
    Crossdreamers violate gender expectations.
    Photo: kvkirillov

    The term crossdreaming was coined to describe the phenomenon that some people get aroused by the idea of being the "other sex" (relative to their assigned sex at birth).

    I found that although such fantasies are quite common in transgender circles (I use the word "transgender" in its broad umbrella sense here, covering all types of gender variance). However, very few talk about them.

    This is mainly caused by the fact that crossdreaming is taboo in most contemporary cultures. This especially applies to so-called Western societies, and to male bodied crossdreamers more than to those assigned female at birth. People have a tendency of looking down at men who feel an affiliation with anything female. Add sexual feelings to the mix, and you are immediately facing a lot of prejudices. This negative view of male to female transgender feelings and expressions is also reflected in some of the relevant research.

    This silence is causing a lot of unnecessary confusion, repression and shame. In my experience, anything that becomes such an important part of people's lives reflects a side of their personality that needs to be understood and integrated, regardless of what causes the phenomenon. 

    We need to talk about this. That's why I made this blog.

    The diversity of crossdreamers

    In my discussions with crossdreamers and transgender people I have found that there are both male bodied and female bodied crossdreamers. Some identify with their assigned sex, others with their target sex, and some identify with both genders or neither. 


    For some the crossdreaming seems to be an isolated "gender violation" -- sometimes  purely sexual. For others crossdreaming is just one of many ways of expressing the "other gender".

    Some crossdreamers are attracted to men, some to women and some to both, although in online crossdreamer forums you will find that a majority is sexually oriented towards people of their target sex. That is: If they identify with their assigned sex they will consider themselves heterosexual. This applies to both female bodied and male bodied crossdreamers.

    There is a huge overlap between crossdressers and crossdreamers, in the sense that many -- if not most -- crossdressers also crossdream. There also crossdreamers who do not crossdress, however. I am one of them.

    There is also a significant overlap between crossdreamers and women and men who call themselves girlfags and guydykes. A girlfag is a woman who feels a strong affinity with male gay culture and who may imagine herself as a man having a relationship with another man. Guydykes often think of themselves as "male lesbians".

    Note also that many crossdreamers change their understanding of who they are as they discuss their crossdreaming with others and learn more about themselves. Some crossdreamers ultimately find that they are transsexual. Some transition. Others don't.

    In other words: There is a lot of diversity among crossdreamers, in the same way that there is a lot of diversity in transgender circles in general.

    On using the terms

    Please note that anyone can use the term crossdreamer to describe this phenomenon, regardless of what they believe causes it. Unlike related terms like "autogynephilia" or "transvestic fetishism", this term does not point to one particular explanation.

    I should also add that I have never personally considered crossdreamer a new identity, in the way that transgender, gay or lesbian are used as identities. For me crossdreaming is primarily a term used to describe one of many facets of transgender lives.

    Note also that there are crossdreamers, girlfags and guydykes who do not identify as "transgender", even if they formally fit under the transgender umbrella. It must be up to them to decide what words to use to describe themselves.

    More information about crossdreaming.

    Input on Crossdreamer Survey

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    I am planning a short survey where I ask readers of this blog and the Crossdream Life forum about their lives and ideas.

    Photo: Andrey Popov
    I would, for instance, like to ask you questions about gender identity, how open you are about your crossdreaming, what you think causes crossdreaming, and how you feel about being (or not being) part of the transgender alliance.

    Are there any questions you would like to see included?

    Are there any methodological traps I should avoid?

    You could add a comment to this post or reply over at Crossdream Life.

    Thank you for your help!

    The Gay Male Friends of Girlfags

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    In spite of what the girlfag-bashers on tumblr say, gay men are not the enemies of girlfags and female to male crossdreamers.
    Katharine Hepburn, the girlfag


    Tumblr is one of the favorite social tools of the new generation, including male to female crossdreamers and girlfags.

    Some of you will have noticed that I have put up a tumblr blog in order to get in touch with them. My wife, Sally, is also blogging on transgender issues over there.

    (By girlfags I mean female bodied persons who are attracted to gay and bisexual men. A majority of them can be understood as female to male crossdreamers, as they express some kind of masculine sexuality and/or identity.)

    The young and restless

    One strength of tumblr is that the audience is young. 66% of all visitors are under the age of 35, while 39% are under 25 years old. If you want to know about their interests and problems, this is the place to go.

    On the other hand, the young age of the majority of users is also a problem, as some of them have still not developed the social antennas needed to sense the suffering of others. Some are also too angry and frustrated to treat people with love and respect. Tumblr is like a school yard where the bullies roam unsupervised.

    Bullies and trolls

    I have rarely seen so much aggression and hate. The girlfags are targeted by some bloggers. Some of them are separatist "truscum" FTM transsexuals, who clearly see the female bodied crossdreamers as a threat to their own social acceptance.
    Another one with Hepburn

    The standard argument is that girlfags are "sexual fetishists", who are objectifying and preying on gay men. And yes, the autogynephilia theory has been used, as well.

    Because I defend these fellow crossdreamers, many of them believe I am a young girlfag. This has made me the target of much aggressive misogyny. The levels of irony in this scenario are mind-boggling.

    Gay men accept girlfags

    But here's the thing: I find no such hostility towards girlfags among gay men in general.

    My girlfag friends report the same. Their gay male friends are just that: friends. They accept them in the same way they accept the "fag hags". The whole "fetish" argument makes little sense to them, probably because gay male culture has a lot of "fetishistic" expressions of the gay identity.

    I am going to share a quote with you which illustrates this. It was written by a gay man in a girlfag Facebook group. I have his permission to republish it.

    A gay man on girlfags

    “I don't think that there is a fetishization of gay men in operation here. Aa a gay man I have very little knowledge of or insight into female sexuality but my communications and exchanges with girlfags convinces me that women have an innate and empathetic capacity to be truly sexually fluid, not only as to sexual orientation, but even as to gender roles. 
    Katharine Hepburn

    "I have been lucky to become friends with  some girlfags. The dynamic is always very much male/male in nature. I believe that girlfags are able to inhabit in their minds the gay male space and that they are reacting to gay men as gay men do. 

    "Masculinity and the erotic attraction of maleness do not have to be the sole preserve of bio males who are gay.  I love and appreciate the fact that girlfags appreciate gay men as other gay men appreciate gay men. I suspect that girlfaggery is much more prevalent than people think. 

    "I can also appreciate that many girlfags would like to be seen as gay men. I see no reason why girlfags should not butch it up if they want to absorb some of our characteristics. But be prepared for a close visual inspection of the basket!”


    As this quote shows, gay men can also recognize the masculine side of the girlfag soul.

    Girlfag lovers

    It has been said that being a girlfag is about wanting to be seen as male in the eyes of a male lover. Many of them achieve this goal with straight and bisexual lovers.

    But I also know about love relationships between gay men and girlfags. This does not make these men bisexual. They simply respond to the male side of the girlfag's pscyhe.

    Some girlfags arebecome trans men, showing that this is much more than a fetish.

    Conclusion

    Girlfags represent just one of many expressions of gender variance. Their sexual orientation and gender identity can no more be reduced to a sexual fetish than the identity of other LGBTQA groups.

    At one time or another the fetish argument has been used against all members of the LGBTQA family, including gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, transsexual and genderqueer. The goal has always been to invalidate their identities and force them back into their closets.

    Gay men have been pictured as hypersexual, fetishistic predators by the medical establishment and the religious right. Lesbians were pictured as mannish fetishists who seduced straight women, turning them into feminists. Recently the so-called trans-exclusionary radical feminists have been using the exact same arguments in order to stigmatize trans women.

    The current attacks against girlfags are based on a lack of knowledge, fear, tribalism and old fashioned sexist prejudices. We have to stop putting sex, sexuality and gender identity into these small, suffocating boxes!

    Here are some fascinating glimpses into the tumblr girlfag debate:

    Janet Hardy: What you need to know about girlfags
    On why the girlfag term is supposed to be offensive
    On why girlfags invalidate biseuxal men (really!)
    So far there have been 98 notes and likes on this post on girlfags
    Janet Hardy has tested the prejudices of tumblr girlfag-bashers
    On girlfags, gay men and fetishes
    A girlfag speaks out on what it means to be genderqueer
    Do you know what a girlfag is, really?

    See also The International Girlfag and Guydyke site.


    Sidebar: Katharine Hepburn as a Girlfag

    I have used images of Katharine Hepburn to illustrate this blog post on girlfags. Needless to say, she did not call herself a girlfag, as the word had not been invented yet. Still, she definitely was one.

    Here is a quote from Advocate: 


    “I would consider ‘transgender’ a better way to understand Katharine Hepburn than anything else,” says out novelist and Hollywood historian William J. Mann. His latest biography, Kate: The Woman Who Was Hepburn (Henry Holt and Co., $30), explores with unprecedented frankness the star’s fluid sexuality and gender identification. 

    "Mann sheds new light on Hepburn’s complex relationships with gay or closeted bisexual men, including her legendary love, Spencer Tracy—who, Mann reveals, was at least bisexual in terms of his sexual attractions and interactions."




    Take Part in our Survey on Gender Variance!

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    You are invited to take part in our survey on gender variance and cross-gender expressions, identities, concepts and fantasies.
    Illustration:Robert Churchill

    The objective is to gain a better insight into the self conception and ideas of gender variant people of all shades and colors.

    These include -- but are in no way not limited to -- crossdressers, crossdreamers, transsexuals, drag queens and drag kings, girlfags and guydykes, non-binary identities, queer and genderqueer.

    The results will be published on the Crossdreamers blog, but the data will also be made available to researchers.

    The survey is completely anonymous. You will not be asked for your name or email address, and we have no way of tracking your real identity. 

    CLICK HERE TO TAKE PART IN THE SURVEY!

    "I am something that does not exist!" (On queer schwulwomen, girlfags and guydykes)

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    In this guest blog post Ili tells about her life as schwul (girlfag). How do you explain something when the language you speak lacks the words for it, she asks, and when the culture you live in doesn't see it as possible? 
    American comedian Margaret Cho modelling
    the girlfag T-shirt over at Beyond the Binary

    Guest post by Ili 
    Note: I will use the German word schwul for “gay male” in this article because English has no single word for the concept, and because schwul has a subtly different meaning from "gay male".

    A great many English-speakers are offended by the English term "girlfag," given that both"girl" and "fag" are at least potentially pejorative - a linguistic battle to which nobody has yet figured out a workable solution. Perhaps the German schwule mädchen will eventually be adopted into English.
    I am something that many people will tell you does not exist. Schwulwomen (“girlfags”) and lesbian men (“guydykes”) cannot, by current gender-bound linguistic standards, be real.

    While the advent of trans identities in the last few decades has wrought significant changes in the meanings of “man” and “woman," the words “
    schwul and “lesbian” still have rigid definitions, even within the LGBTQ communities: only men can be schwul, only women can be lesbians. Anything else isn’t possible, per definition.

    And yet I, as well as an uncountable but significant number of men and women like me, feel strongly that we are these impossible identities, the schwul female, the male lesbian. To say that these identities are problematic is to understate the case dramatically.

    Thinking the impossible

    To begin with, it often takes years, perhaps even decades, for a nascent girlfag or guydyke to realize her or his tendencies. A woman may identify with schwul culture since puberty – but until she accepts the "impossible," she may think she’s crazy, or the only one of her kind. She may try for years to reconcile herself to normative heterosexuality - after all, she likes guys, she must be straight, right?


    Then one day she sees a TV show with a gay male character, or reads a bit of slash fiction, or simply looks around her circle of friends. She realizes that she’s schwul – and suddenly so many things become clear... at least for herself. 

    Those around her, though, will probably not understand. She can’t explain how it’s possible that a woman can be schwul. How do you explain something when the language you speak lacks the words for it, when the culture you live in doesn’t see it as possible? (She may notice that she's in a similar position to a trans person a century ago, unable to explain how someone who looks unambiguously male could in fact be female, because the word and the concept of transgender have not yet been created.) 

    Unless she is superhumanly self-confident, she will almost certainly falter, overwhelmed by the task of explaining an identity for which the words do not yet exist in common parlance. Doubts will arise: Can a woman really be schwul? A man lesbian? Or am I crazy?

    Are girfags and guydykes trans people in training?

    In the modern world the general public has at least some awareness, however fallacious, about transgender identities -- so girlfags and guydykes who are also gender-dysphoric may have an easier time explaining themselves. If you’re not just doubting your sexual orientation, but also your gender, the concept suddenly is easier to understand for many people. Of course, transsexuality isn’t accepted in all parts of society – but it’s possible, it’s thinkable!
    Madonna has called herself "a gay man
    trapped in a woman's body".So have Nigella Lawson,
    Posh Spice, Courtney Love, Lady Gaga and Mila Kunis.
    Are they expressing a schwul sexuality and/or identity?

    Saying "I'm a woman who feels male and I am attracted to men as a man" or one of the famous sentences "I’m a gay man in a woman’s body“ or "I want to be a lesbian woman" is at least conceivable, even if many people are uncomfortable with the idea. The connection between gender and sexual orientation is still very firm, both within and outside in the LGBTQ community. 

    However, a schwul woman who is comfortable in her female identity seems to have no chance of acceptance: if she insists on her female gender, she’ll be – in the worst cases – seen as a desperate heterosexual "fag hag," or pathologized as someone with severe gender confusion.

    Guydykes have it even worse, encountering open hostility in lesbian culture, where they are seen as perverts. Some gender-dysphoric guydykes are treated more gently, as pre-op pre-hormone trans women, but even this is far from certain.

    This is where the girlfag and guydyke concept becomes controversial even within our own small community. Are girlfags and guydykes simply "gay trans people in training"? If so, why aren't they all working toward transitioning, instead of fighting for recognition of a still rare and poorly understood identity? *)

    Between cis and trans, between hetero and gay

    In reality, I think, girlfags and guydykes are somewhere in between, occupying a huge grey area between cis and trans, between homosexuality and heterosexuality.

    Girlfags, as an example, can be plotted on an axis, with heterosexual fag hags on the one side, gay transmen on the other, and girlfags somewhere in between. (The side toward which they lean is different from individual to individual.) 

    Thus, some girlfags prefer male pronouns for themselves, some female pronouns. Some identify as female and prefer traditionally feminine clothing and makeup, whereas others say that "they always wanted to be a boy" and appear more like butch lesbians. What they have in common is that they are sufficiently between categories to feel uncomfortable calling themselves either "heterosexual females" or "gay trans men."

    For some gay trans men and lesbian trans women, the identity as girlfag or guydyke was a kind of interstage along the path to transition. But it would be wrong to assume that all girlfags or guydykes will eventually become transsexuals.

    The existence of a small but fast-growing community of girlfags and guydykes challenges the queer community. As we learned, a few decades ago, to accept the existence of gay trans people -- that sexual desire and gender identity were independent factors -- girlfags and guydykes further uncouple sexual identity from both desire and gender.

    About me, Ili

    I was born in 1984 into a very traditional family. Although my grandmother, as the principal earner of the family, could have been seen as an early feminist, queer topics were never even mentioned in our home. Nonetheless, I was interested in “gays and homosexuality” since puberty - in a diary entry from my seventeenth year, I call myself a “female schwulhetero.” 

    After several unsuccessful thought experiments (Am I lesbian? Transsexual? Crazy?), by 2007 it was clear to me that I had to accept what I always thought was impossible: I was schwul!

    In spring 2008, I found Uli Meyer’s article about girlfags and transfags *) – and it was like an awakening. After my experiences in an online trans community – where I was shown a lot of understanding but also (because of my female identity) a lot of rejection – I founded the first German homepage and the first German discussion board for girlfags (which now also includes guydykes and several other queer identities).

    Feminine girlfags

    It was interesting for me to learn that some girlfags and guydykes have reservations toward girlfags who express themselves in a very feminine way. It seemed to be difficult for them to imagine that there are women who identify as schwul but who never remembered having “always wanted to be a boy.”

    I realized again what I had realized in other queer groups before: If a ciswoman looks too feminine – meets the heteronormative expectations for her gender – many people can’t fully believe that she’s queer.

    Marc St.James
    Traditional femininity has a troublesome reputation in some queer communities – it’s often seen as sign of weakness, submission and assimilation to heteronormative expectations.

    The more I read about queer femininity, the more I realize that others – trans women, femme lesbians, etc. – have had similar experiences.

    This was a strange discovery for me, as I identified – in the real meaning of the word – as a “female fag”. The more I dressed up, the “gayer” I felt, and the more I felt schwul, the more flamboyantly I dressed. If I had to name my male alter-ego, I would name effeminate, style-conscious men like Emmett Honeycutt (from Queer As Folk) or Marc St.James (from Ugly Betty).

    The diversity of queer

    But I have to admit that I was naïve, too. I thought that every girlfag had as strong a female identity as mine, and shared my love of fashion and other feminine/effeminate pursuits. 

    As I met more girlfags and other non-normative queers, I realized how multifaceted the concept is, and saw that you can’t do it justice by putting it into the “trans corner” (or any other corner).

    Now I know that girlfags and guydykes are as versatile as the queercommunity they feel attracted to: There are (more or less) female-identified drag queens and fags, bear lovers and leatherfolk, crossdressers and androgynes, lesbian girlfags, butches, femmes and many others. Our small part of the queer world is as multifaceted and colorful as the queers we love.

    --------------------

    *) Meyer points out that although the word "girlfag" is new, the identity is not - Magnus Hirschfeld profiled a gay-male-identified woman in the early 20th century (p. 73), http://www.liminalis.de/artikel/Liminalis2007_meyer.pdf

    The original German version of this article was published in Queerulant_in, vol. 6 (Dec. 2013/Jan. 2014): http://www.queerulantin.deDownload a free PDF of German languange Querulant_in girfag/guydyke issue here!

    Thanks to Janet Hardy for help with the translation.

    The Crossdreamer Survey of Gender Variance, Some Preliminary Results

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    The Crossdreamer Survey on Gender Variance received 1202 responses, representing a wide variety of queer and transgender people. Here are some preliminary results.

    In August we invited readers to fill in a survey on gender variance. There remains a lot of serious number crunching to do, but we would like to present some preliminary findings.

    We have written a separate article that presents various methodological issues. Please read it if you have questions about why we carried out the survey the way we did.

    Please note that this presentation is temporary. We will come back with an in depth analysis based on a more complex cluster analysis later on.


    The number of respondents

    All in all we received 1202 responses, out of which 1199 we consider valid and useful for analytical purposes.

    1199 is a high response rate for a survey like this one. We are confident  that the data can be used to draw some general conclusions regarding the lives and attitudes of this group of gender variant people.

    We were very much aware of the fact that the readers of Crossdreamers.com are not necessarily representative for the population of gender variant people as a whole. With the help of our friends we therefore distributed the invitation to a large number of sites, forums and social media groups. (A warm thank you to all of those who helped us!)

    We knew, however, that many of these channels were dominated by people assigned male at birth. To get input from more gender variant people assigned female at birth, we developed a separate (but similar) questionnaire to be published on tumblr. This invitation was eventually published on -- and reblogged by -- 105 different tumblr blogs. This second survey also gave us more data on the younger cohort.


    More about the two sub-surveys

    Here are the main numbers regarding the respondents:

    The Crossdreamer.com Survey (distributed via Crossdreamers.com and forums and sites targeting crossdressers, crossdreamers and genderqueer people).
    Number of respondents: 720 in all (out of which 718 will be used in the final analysis)
    93% were assigned male at birth, 6% female.
    The crossdreamer.com sample is dominated by adults, as shown in the figure below.


    Age Crossdreamers.com respondents. Click on image to enlarge!

    The Tumblr Survey (distributed via Tumblr-blogs).
    Number of respondents: 482 in all (out of which 481 will be used in the final analysis).
    80%were assigned female at birth, 20% male.
    The tumblr sample is dominated by teenagers and people in their early twenties, as shown in the figure below:
    Age tumblr respondents. Click on image to enlarge!

    The Combined Survey (the results from the two surveys above merged)
    Number of respondents: 1202 in all (out of which 1199 will be used in the final analysis)
    64% were assigned male at birth, 36% female.
    The age distribution for the total survey reflects our success in engaging young people over at tumblr. There is no reason to think that the following figure reflect the true distribution of gender variant people age wise.

    Age distribution all respondents. Click on image to enlarge!




    Reported gender identity

    We also asked the respondents whether they identified as male or female. 

    In the combined survey 30% identified as female, 22% as male and the rest as a combination of the two or some kind of other gender identity.

    Gender identification, combined survey. Click on image to enlarge!
    The difference between the number male and female identification may reflect the fact that there were more people assigned male than female at birth in the total sample.

    The similar numbers for the Crossdreamers.com survey was 25% male, 25% female and 50% a combination of male and female or some other identification. 

    The tumblr respondents reported 39% female, 17% male and 45% a combination of male and female or some other gender identification.

    We will, of course, come back with a further analysis of these numbers. We also included a list of various gender terms, and gave the respondents the opportunity to report other terms they make use of when describing themselves.



    Interpreting the data

    When interpreting the data it is important to keep in mind that we are facing at least three levels of understanding here:

    1. Firstly, we are studying the self-perception of the respondents, including the terms they use to describe themselves and their gender variance. For many this description also amounts to a sense of identity: "I am transgender!" Since the respondents have different life experiences and make use of different "mental maps" when interpreting the world, their answers will not always be comparable.

    2. Because of this, we may use the data to explore the sexuality and gender identity of the respondents, not as defined by themselves, but according to definitions we make use of.: "He or she is transgender." This is necessary to explore the different shades of gender variance, not as perceived by the respondents themselves, but in reference to a shared reality.

    In doing so we will have to make use of our own pre-conceptions as to what gender variance is or may be. This is ultimately what research is all about: You test your own pre-conceptions or hypotheses agains the data presented by the responses given. This will, however, unavoidably limit the scope of the findings. Feel free to propose other ways to interpret the data!

    3. Finally, there is the level of the pre-conceptions of the readers. Gender variant people, as well as the researchers studying them and the health personnel assisting them, make use of different models when trying to understand the different gender life experiences. These models will color the way they read our analysis of the data.

    We will try to keep all three levels in mind when presenting our findings.



    Gender variant people

    The main target group for this survey was what we have called gender variant people. Given the confusion and disagreement as regards definitions and delimitation of gender variance in the queer and transgender communities -- as well as in medical milieus --  we did not limit the survey to people who consider themselves "transgender", "queer", or "transsexual".

    One major reason for this is that we know that many crossdressers and crossdreamers may call themselves cis-gender or non-transgender, even if their feelings and behaviors will be classified as transgender by others (in the umbrella sense of the word transgender).

    We also wanted to see to what extent people who do not consider themselves transsexual experience gender dysphoria, so dividing the respondents into a transsexual and a non-transsexual group from the start was out of the question.

    The number of respondents who are completely "cis" (in the sense of not expressing any gender variance as regards expressions, feelings and/or identity) was 1 (a partner living with a transgender person). All the other respondents reported some kind of gender variance in the sense that they reported feelings, self-understandings or behaviors that are normally considered outside the current dominant norms of sex and gender.

    This should come as no surprise. There will be a clear selection bias towards people who are gender variant in surveys like this one. After all, the main reason for taking an interest in the topic is most likely that the person experiences some kind of gender variance, or that a friend or family member do so.



    Why do some respondents call themselves cisgender?

    However, in spite of this 20% replied that they consider themselves cisgender. 27% replied that they are partly or sometimes cisgender.

    There may be many reasons for this discrepancy:
    • Our understanding of terms like gender variance and transgender may be different than theirs.
    • Even if many people may fall back on strict binary stereotypes when forced to define what it means to be male or female, they may allow for much variety in their every day lives.
    • There are no clear boundaries between gender typical and gender non-conforming feelings, identities and behaviors, so there will always be some ambiguity as regards use of terminology.
    • The social pressure towards adhering to the gender binary (i.e. identifying clearly as male or female), may make some of the respondents choose the cis label.
    53% answered no to the question "Do you consider yourself cisgender?" And 62% reported that they considered themselves transgender.
      The term "transgender" was defined in the questionnaire as "... an umbrella term for many types of gender variance, including -- but not limited to -- crossdressers, drag queens, genderqueer and transsexuals."

      We decided to include definitions of the terms transgender and transsexual in the questionnaire, as not doing so would make any comparison of responses close to meaningless. However, even if we did include such definitions, the responses given may still have been colored by the respondents' existing interpretation of the words. We will explore this problem in our further analysis.



      How many are transsexual?

      Many gender variant people, as well as researchers and health personnel interacting with them, believe there is a clear boundary between transsexuals and other gender variant people. We will study the data thoroughly to see if it is possible to establish such a divide from our data.

      When asking them directly, 24% of the respondents answer that they consider themselves transsexual, as the term was defined by us.

      The term transsexual was defined as follows under the relevant question: "Transsexual denotes an individual who seeks, or has undergone, a social transition from male to female or female to male, which in many, but not all, cases also involves a bodily transition by cross-sex hormone treatment and genital surgery." (This definition is based on the text found in the DSM-5 manual).

      The term transsexual may be interpreted differently, however. Recently there has been a trend towards interpreting gender dysphoria as a requisite for being transsexual. Indeed, some seem to argue that gender dysphoria equals transsexualism in one way or another.

      Because of this we also asked the respondents whether they experienced gender dysphoria.

      We defined the term as follows under the relevant question: "Gender dysphoria is a condition where a person experiences discomfort or distress because there is a mismatch between his/her/their assigned gender (also called 'biological sex') and the experienced gender identity."

      59% answered yes to this question, 41% no. In other words: More than twice as many reported gender dysphoria compared to those who call themselves transsexual.

      Given that the feeling of gender dysphoria is not an exact and unambiguous category, we had also included a question regarding the intensity of the feeling of gender dysphoria.

      We asked:  "If you suffer from gender dysphoria, can you tell us how debilitating it is on a scale from 1 to 5?" 1 was defined as "It does not bother me much", while 6 was described as "It causes me severe distress."

      Level of gender dysphoria, all respondents. Click on image to enlarge!
      We will come back with a more thorough discussion of how these figures may be interpreted. It seems, however, that as far as our respondents go, the respondents' experience of gender dysphoria varies greatly in intensity.



      What's next?

      In our next post presenting preliminary data we will look at how the respondents feel about social and political collaboration between various groups of gender variant people.

      Then we will look at the different ways the gender variance of the respondents expresses itself (crossdressing, crossdreaming, use of aliases etc.).

      We are also working on a blog post presenting preliminary results regarding romantic and sexual orientation.

      Jack and Sally Molay

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